Tapeworms in Fowl. 473 



is to be given in gelatine — or keratin capsules : extractum fil. maris 

 (0.5-1.0 gm.), arecanut (0.5 to 1.0 gm.), kamala (2.0-3.0 gm.), tartar 

 emetic (0.05-0.1 gm.). 



Literature. Braim, Kaninchenkrkht, 1907, 12.— Lncet, Eev., 1897, 633.— Neu- 

 mann, Maladies parasitaires, 1892, 461.— Eailliet, Zool. Med., 1895, 283. 



(g) Tapeworms in Fowl. 



Etiology. In barnyard fowl, in pheasants and in other wild 

 fowls of allied genera, numerous species of tapeworms are com- 

 paratively frequent and not uncommonly cause enzootic affec- 

 tions with fatal cases, particularly in young animals. The fol- 

 lowing and other tapeworms occur in the various species of 

 fowls : 



In chicken: Taenia (Drepanidiotaenia) infundibiiliformis (frequent; its cysti- 

 cercoid lives, according to Grassi, in the house fly) ; Davainea (T.) cesticillus (like- 

 wise common) ; Dicraniota?nia sphenoides (according to Grassi and Eovelli its eysti- 

 cercoid lives in the angleworm) ; D. (T.) tetragona (its cysticercoid lives in snails) ; 

 Davainea (T.) proglottina (its cysticercoid lives in snails); Dicraniotsenia (T.) 

 echinobothrida; Bothriocephalus longicollis and others. 



In geese: Drepanidiota>nia lanceolata; D. setigera, D. fasciata. 



In ducks: Drepanidiotsenia anatina; D. gracilis; D. sinuosa; D. megalops; D. 

 coronula ; D. conica ; Mesocestoides inbutif ormis. The larvae live in water arthropodes. 



In turkeys: Drepanidiottenia cantaniana. 



In pigeons: almost exclusively Davainea (T.) crassula. 



Symptoms. As a rule the presence only of numerous tape- 

 worms brings about morbid symptoms in fowl. The animals 

 are then less lively, without appetite, or they eat, on the con- 

 trary, quite a lot of feed, but they emaciate in spite of this ; later 

 on there is diarrhea, and the animals then become completely 

 exhausted. There are also cases when death comes on quite un- 

 expectedly and where a postmortem examination shows the pres- 

 ence of numerous tapeworms; in other cases there are attacks 

 of dizziness, epileptiform convulsions, caused by marked inflam- 

 mation, obstruction or perforation of the intestine. 



In a tapeworm epizootic among geese imported from Eussia, Cammerer noticed 

 nervous symptoms aside from emaciation and diarrhea. The animals became feeble 

 and their movements awkward; they kept on sitting quietly from the 4th or 5th 

 day of the disease, and permitted themselves to be caught without making any 

 effort to escape. On the 7th day they assumed a position like j^enguins, with the 

 head immobilized and directed to one point or resting upon the sternum. From 

 time to time the animals made an effort, fell, however, upon their abdomen and 

 then remained in this position or on their side, or they again rose by the aid of 

 their wings into the penguin position. 



Diagnosis. Tapeworm disease can be reliably diagnosti- 

 cated only by finding the proglottides in the feces, otherwise 

 postmortem examination only can demonstrate the cause of the 

 affection. 



Treatment. The treatment consists in the administration 

 of vermifuges, which are best given in the form of pills. The 

 most appropriate are: arecanut (pigeons 1 gm., chickens 2 gm., 

 geese 4 gm., young animals 1-3 to 1-2 of those doses) ; this 



