474 Worms ill the Jiitcsliual Tract. 



drug easily leads to syinptoins of poisoning in turkeys ; kamala 

 in the same doses as the preceding vermifuge; P^llinger found 

 kamala dangerous for geese: floi"es kusso (l-o gm.) ; sulphate 

 of copper (blue co})per vitriol in 2% solution 10-20 drops, or a 

 solution of 1-5 to 1000 given as drinking water) ; oil of turpen- 

 tine (0.25-1.0 with mucilage or oil). Seeds of pumpkin may be 

 given to chickens. All these drugs, however, sometimes fail on 

 account of the small size of fowl tapeworms, and on account of 

 their protected situation deep down in the cecal pouches. 



As a prophylactic measure the droppings of sick birds 

 should be swept together daily and burned or buried; water 

 fowl should be kept away from infected ])odies of water ; or one 

 might, perhaps, attempt to kill the intermediary hosts by the 

 addition of disinfecting substances (lime) to the water. 



Literature. Blanchard, Bull, de la soe. zool., 1891. — Caparini, Clin, vet., 1906, 

 841._Fuhnnann, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1909, XLIX, 94.— Klee, Vet. Jhb., 1905, 363.— 

 Poenarii, Arh. vet., 1906, 279.— Stiles & Hassal, Vet. Jhb., 1S97, 196.— Wolffhiigel, 

 Beitr. Zur Keiintnis d. Vogelhelininthen. Inaug. Diss., 1906 (Lit.). — Zurn, Z. f. Tm., 

 1898, II, 447 (Eef.). 



B. Trematodes. 



{Sauf/wiirmer [German] .) 



Trematodes are hermaphroditic single worms in the shape of a 

 leaf or tongue, with an intestinal tract ending blind, and with organs 

 for attachment. The latter as a rule consist of a mouth sucker and 

 a more caudally situated abdominal sucker. 



Few trematodes live in the intestinal tract of domestic animals, 

 and these few species are rarely found ; they are of no clinical signifi- 

 cance in the temperate zone. The following are the intestinal tre- 

 matodes so far observed : 



1. Aniphistoma collinsi, redworm, found in large nundjers in India in the 

 large intestine of horses and causing serious disease. 



2. Gastrodiseus segyptiaeus, flatworni of the size of a bean, occurs in some 

 parts of Egypt in the gastro-intestinal tract of horses and cattle. 



3. Aniphistoma tuberculatum has been found in the intestinal tract of Indian 

 cattle. 



4. Hemistoma alatum, 3 to 6 mm. long, leaf shaped, flatworni with two thorn - 

 like projections at the anterior end. Occurs frequently among wolves and foxes, 

 rarely in dogs. 



5. Echinostomum perfoliatum, 4 to 15 mm. long, reddish with a lancet-shaped 

 body; its wide ki<lney-shaped anterior end is armed with spikes. Common in water 

 fowl ; Gonerali and v. Eatz have seen it each in one case in the duodenum of a dog. 



6. Megastomum entericum (Dimorphus nuiris, Cereomonas sen lamblia intes- 

 tinalis) occurs in rabbits, rarely in cats. Sartirana (J. vet., 1905, 550), in a dog 

 dead from a gastro-intestinal inflammation, found these parasites in large numbers 

 in the stomach and intestines. 



There are some more trematodes found in fowl, especially: Monostoma ver- 

 rucosum, Distoma oxycephaluni in ducks, chicken and geese; Distoma dilatnm, ar- 

 matuni, lineare, ovatum, commutatum in chickens, D. commutatum also in pigeons, 

 and D. ovatum in geese; Holostonia erratieum in ducks; Monostoma attenuatum in 

 geese; M. caryophyllinum in ducks. 



Trematodes as a rule are harmless intestinal parasites; however, 

 they sometimes cause digestive disturl)ances, emaciation and anemia in 

 fowls, which occasionally terminate fatally. The treatment is the same 

 as in tapeworm infection (see page 413). \ 



