Roundworms in Fowls. 4gJ 



hot lye and then renewed. The udder of the cows must be 

 cleansed carefully and the animals must wear a muzzle. 



Literature. Albrecht, Z. f. Vk., 1908, 465 (Lit.).— Cadeac, J. vet., 1906, 

 221.— Damitz, Mag., 1845, 497.— Fraiicke, Fostchr. d. Hyg., 1904, 185 (Lit.).— 

 Gasteiger, Monh., 1905, XVI, 49 (Lit.).— Grassi, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1888, IV, 612.— 

 Hoffmann, Z. f. Vk., 1905, 359.— Jamnies & Martin, J. vet., 1906, 604, 607.— Lutz, 

 Cbl. f. Bakt., 1888, III, 425.— Neumann, Mai. parasit., 1892, 387 (Lit.).— Penberthy, 

 J. of comp. Path., 1894, 175.— Seliimmelpfennig, A. f. Tk., 1903, XXIX, 332 (Lit.). 

 — Schlampp, Therap. Technik, 1907, II, 40.— Schiitt, D. t. W., 1906, 637.— Triilsen, 

 B. t. W., 1893, 14.— Uebele, Therap. Handlexikon, 1910.— Zschokke, Schw. A., 1900, 

 XLII, 254. 



(b) Roundworms in Fowls. Heterakiasis. 

 Etiology. The following roundworms occur in fowl : 



1. Heterakis maculosa (Ascaris columbs), body white, translucent, head with 

 three large mouth-lips. Male 16 to 25 mm., female 20 to 34 mm. long, both 1 to 2 

 mm. thick; the former has a sucker on the ventral surface in front of the anus, and 

 two unequally long specula like all Heterakida? in contradistinction 

 to ascaris, where the males are provided with two long spicula, 

 but without a sucker. The worm is parasitic in the intestinal 

 canal of pigeons and is sometimes found in several hundred in- 

 dividuals. 



2. Heterakis inflexa, yellowish worm, always curved. Male 

 3 to 8 mm., female 7 to 12 mm. long. The male has a roundish 

 sucker and three papilla? on the ventral surface ; ova as in Heter- 

 akidse always similar to those of ascaris (fig. 57). Found in the 

 intestine of chickens and pigeons. ^^S- ^ '• Ovum 



^ ^ of Heterakis 



3. Heterakis papillosa, (H. vesicularis), slender worm, pointed inflexa. 



at both ends, on the anterior portion of the body lateral papillae. 

 Male 7 mm. long, posterior end pointed, armed with two spicula, unequal in length, 

 female 10 to 12 mm. long. Found in the ceca of chickens, peacocks and turkeys. 



The following are found more rarely: Heterakis dispar (geese), Heterakis 

 differens (in the posterior portion of the intestinal tract of chickens), Ascaris 

 crassa (in ducks, according to Diesing, identical with H. inflexa) ; H. compressa (in 

 Australian chickens) ; H. brasiliensis (in chickens in South America) ; H. perspicillum 

 (in chickens and pigeons). 



Heterakis maculosa is the most dangerous among those 

 enumerated above, because it occurs occasionally in large num- 

 bers in the intestine of pigeons, and it may cause destructive 

 epizootics. According to Unterberger's investigations the drop- 

 pings of sick animals contain very numerous ova (in 6 grammes 

 droppings about 1200 ova). Embryos develop in the ova in moist 

 places in the open air within 17 days. If embryos get into the 

 intestinal tract of pigeons, mature worms are found after three 

 weeks. The worms are present in large numbers ; they produce 

 enteritis and may cause stenosis or obliteration of the intestinal 

 lumen. Occasionally they develop in the serous cavities with- 

 out producing disturbance (Sabrazes & Salm). 



Heterakis inflexa occasionally causes serious disease in 

 chickens, other roundworms are less dangerous and rarer in 

 those animals, v. Ratz saw epizootics and fatal cases in turkeys, 

 and Klee in pheasants, due to Heterakis vesicularis, causing in- 

 flammation of the ceca. Guittard made similar observations; 

 Railliet & Kasparek saw an epizootic in pigeons and chickens, 



Vol. 2—31 



