Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver. Lupine Disease. 523 



tains bile pigments and albumin. In the human subject leucin 

 tyrosin are sometimes present in the urine. On the addition of 

 acetic acid these are precipitated in the form of rounded masses 

 and needlelike crystals. 



Death usually takes place in about six or eight days. The 

 reduction in the amount of urine and the presence of albumin in 

 it are unfavorable signs. 



French authors (Cruzel, Beauvais, Delage), have described an acute 

 hepatitis in cattle in which the liver is enlarged and clay-colored. The 

 symptoms are general malaise, inappetence, salivation, grinding of the 

 teeth, staggering gait, jaundice, pain in the right side of the abdo- 

 men and constipation followed by diarrhea. 



Treatment. Disinfectants, mild purgatives and diuretics 

 may be tried, but so far all treatment has proved useless. 



Literature. Adam, W. f. Tk., 1857, 3.— Beauvais, Eev. vet., 1894, 497.— 

 Callot, Eec, 1880, 336.— Delage, J. du Midi, 1838, (i7.— Frauze, S. B., 1862, 101.— 

 Stoll, W. f. Tk., 1901, 280.— Ziindel, J. vet., 18.58, 444. 



8. Lupine Disease. Lupinosis. 



Etiology. In certain districts in Northern Germany where 

 Lupine (Lupinus flavus, coeruleus and albus) is used as fodder, 

 on account of its high percentage of protein, extensive outlu-eaks 

 of disease sometimes occur among sheep, which are no doubt due 

 to poisoning by these plants. In these districts the lupines are 

 harmful only in certain years and in any year the plants may be 

 poisonous on certain fields only. They are seldom poisonous in 

 the fresh state, but only after a period of storage. Lupine never 

 causes disease wdien it has been exposed to rain or frost. The 

 yellow lupine is the most dangerous, and the seeds, pods, leaves 

 and straw are equally toxic. Goats, oxen and horses are also 

 attacked. Cases are rare in horses, as they do not like lupine 

 on account of its bitter taste. 



The investigations of Arnold & Lemke, Liebseher, Kiihn and Roioff, 

 regarding the poisonous substance contained in lupine are well known. 

 It may he extracted from the plant by an aqueous alkaline solution, 

 such as 2% soda. The extract causes the same symptoms as the plant 

 itself, and the plant is non-toxic after extraction. The toxic substance 

 has received a variety of names. Kiihn calls it ' ' Ictrogen, ' ' and Arnold 

 and Schneidemiihl, "Lupinotoxin." It is with difficulty soluble in 

 water, insoluble in glycerine, alcohol and ether. It is not destroyed by 

 a temperature of 190° C. dry heat even after three hours but by steam 

 at 21/2 atmospheres pressure its pathogenic power is lost. 



The circumstances which control the production of lupinotoxin are 

 not yet known, but it cannot be denied positively that the toxin is pro- 

 duced by fungi which grow on dead plants or on the food itself after 

 storage, and that it is allied to the bacterial and fungoid toxins. This 

 view is supported by the facts that the toxicity is retained in food that 



