Syniptunis. Course. TrealuK'iit. 525 



In the majority of cases there is jaundice of the visil^le 

 mucous membranes, especially in animals that are most severely 

 attacked. At the commencement there is constipation and the 

 dung is hard and covered with yellow mucus. Later there is 

 diarrhea, the feces being mixed with blood. The urine is passed 

 at short intervals, it is dark red in color and contains large 

 quantities of albumin, bile pigments and bile acids. In the 

 sediment there are difl'erent kinds of epithelial cells and renal 

 casts. 



In occasional cases there is an erysipelatous swelling of the 

 skin of the head, especially in the region of the ears and nose. 

 A serous yellow liquid exudes from the surface which dries up 

 and forms crusts (Stohr). Exceptionally there is a purulent or 

 sanguinolent discharge from the nose (Roloft'). 



In the horse the symptoms presented are more or less like 

 those in the sheep, especially with regard to the refusal of food 

 and the intense depression and jaundice, which are the most 

 prominent symptoms. There may also be a yellow mucous dis- 

 charge from the nose, erysipelatous inflammation of the skin of 

 the nostrils and lips, which may become gangrenous, and inflam- 

 matory edema of the limbs. 



Course. In acute cases death occurs in 3 to 5 days, but in 

 the majority of cases it is delayed until the 9tli or 11th day. If 

 the food be changed immediately wlieii the symptoms appear, 

 improvement sets in about the 5th or 6tli day, and there is rapid 

 and complete recovery. In a proportion of cases the recovery 

 is not complete and the animals die later, showing s^anptoms 

 of chronic hepatitis and general cachexia. 



If lupines that are toxic to only a slight degree be used for 

 food over a long period, symptoms of chronic lupinosis develop, 

 the animals showing progressive anemia and cachexia. Jaundice 

 is absent or only slight, but inflammation of the skin is some- 

 times observed. 



Treatment. In the absence of an antidote efforts must be 

 directed towards preventing the absorption of the toxin by giv- 

 ing acid solutions and removing the toxin from the intestine 

 as rapidly as possible by means of oil purgatives (Roloff). 



If the lupine has been proved to be poisonous, its use must 

 be discontinued for a time. The food can be rendered harmless 

 by exposing it to rain in small heaps and using only the super- 

 ficial layers for feeding purposes, or it may be soaked in 1% 

 soda solution, with renewal of the liquid every two days, and 

 then dried, or by submitting it to steam at a pressure of two 

 atmospheres. Slightly poisonous lupine may be mixed with good 

 food in the proportion of 1 :6-10 without danger. Finally it is 

 advisable to test ever^^ fresh supply of lupine upon a few sheep. 



Literature. Roloff, A. f. Tk., 188.3, IX, 1.— Sclineidemuhl, Vortr. f. Tzt«., 

 1883, VI, H, 4 (Lit.). 



