Other Distomes. Cj^sticercosis of the Liver. 555 



In order to reduce the risk of infection it is advisable to 

 improve the pastures by drainage. Care should be taken that 

 the livers from diseased sheep and cattle be destroyed, or, 

 if given to dogs they should be cooked since living eggs may 

 be scattered over the land with the feces of such animals. Sclia- 

 per advises that affected animals should be housed or, at least 

 brought into enclosures on hard dry ground in order to lessen 

 the possibility of fresh infection of the pastures. The manure 

 of the animals can then be best used for arable land. Finally, 

 water snails should be collected and destroyed. 



Literature. Albanese, Eev. Gen., 1908, XI, 147 (Rev.).— Brauii, Kanin- 

 chenkrkh., 1907, 67.— Cadeac, Eev. Vet., 1885, 10.— Carre & Bigoteau, Eev. Gen., 

 1908, XI, 433.— Friedberger, D. Z. f. Tm., 1878, IV, 145.— Gerlach, Ger. Tierheilk., 

 1872, 487.— Jager, A. f. Tk., 1906, XXXII, 410.— Leuckart, Parasiten d. Meuschen, 

 1879, 3-5 Lief., 1-5, 34.— Lutz, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1893, XIII, 320.— Pfeiler, Z. f. Fleisch- 

 hyg., 1907, XVIT, 174.— Prietseh, S. B., 1906, 64.— Schaper, D. Z. f. Tm., 1890, 

 XVI, 1 (Lit.).— Thomas, The Vet., 1883, 180, 469.— v. Velzen, Vet. Jhb., 1890, 91. 

 — Wedernikow, A. f. Vet.-Wiss., 1893, 143.— Wolflfhiigel, Z. f. Infkr., 1907, II, 546. 

 — Ziindel, La distomatose, 1880.— Ziirn, Tier. Parasiten, 1882, 207. 



Other Distomes. In addition to the two types described, the fol- 

 lowing distomes occasionally occur in the domestic animals. Dis- 

 tomiim truncatum Rud. (D. conus, Amphistomum conicum), which ac- 

 cording to Braun is identical with the D. campanulatum of Ercolani, 

 and D. felinenm Riv. Both of these occur now and then in the livers 

 of cats and dogs (Creplin, v. Ratz, de Jong, Zwaardemaker, Rivolta, 

 Ercolani) and if present in large numbers cause dilatation of the bile- 

 ducts and chronic hepatitis. Distomum conjunctum was found by 

 Lewis enclosed in cysts or purulent centers in the livers of dogs in 

 India. According to Braun, the D. albidum occurs only in cats. D. 

 magnum is found in cattle in Texas (Stiles & Hassal). Monostomum 

 hepaticum has been found in pigs. 



Literature. Braun, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1893, XIV, 465.— v. Eatz, Z. f. Flhyg., 

 1900, X, 141.— Stiles & Hassall, The Insp. of Meats, 1898.— Zwaardemaker, V. A., 

 1890. CXX, 197. 



(c) Cysticercosis of the Liver. 



{Hepatitis cysticercosa.) 



Cysticercosis of the liver is an acute or chronic hepatitis 

 caused by the Cysticercus tenuicollis or C. pisiformis with sec- 

 ondary peritonitis. 



Occurrence. Cysticercosis of the liver is seen principally 

 in lambs, young pigs and rabbits or hares. It is also seen in 

 calves (Falk) and in the cow (Piitz). In the first mentioned 

 species it usually occurs as a local disease and causes heavy 

 losses. Almost without exception animals between the ages of 

 a few weeks to several months are affected. 



