560 Coccidiosis oCtlie Liver. 



eous material. There is a connective tissue capsule. Coccidia 

 are found in enormous numbers in tlie content of the nodules. 



Symptoms. The symptoms are disturbance of nutrition, 

 emaciation, weakness and, later, staggering gait, inappetence 

 and eventually jaundice of the mucous membranes. In the last 

 stages one observes diarrhea which is very persistent, a dis- 

 charge from the nose, and finally convulsions. Young animals 

 usually die in about two to three months, and wliole warrens 

 are often wiped out. 



Diagnosis. It is quite easy to arrive at a diagnosis during 

 life by the demonstration of coccidia in the feces l)y means of 

 the microscope. The feces contain fewer coccidia than in cases 

 of intestinal coccidiosis. The two conditions are often ob- 

 served in the same animal. 



Treatment and Prophylaxis. Treatment is of no avail and 

 efforts must be directed principally towards prevention. In 

 this connection attention must be paid to the separation of the 

 young animals from the adults as soon as possible, all visibly 

 diseased animals must be destroyed, hutches must be disin- 

 fected, kept dry and well ventilated. 



Coccidia have been found by Johne in cavities as large as apples in the liver 

 of a pig. Perroncito and Rivolta reeonl their occurrence in the livers of dogs, 

 and they were found by Chierici in a cat 's liver that was somewhat enlarged and 

 showed signs of chronic cholangitis. 



Literature. Johne, S. B., 1881, 60.— Neumann, Mai. parasitaires, 1892, 488 

 (Lit.).— Railliet, Zool. mod., 1895, 134.— Ziirn, Vortr. f. Trzte., 1878, I, H, 2 (Lit.). 



Protozoal Hepatitis of the Pigeon (Caseous hei)atitis of the pigeon). Young 

 pigeons sometimes die suddenly as a result of multiple caseous lesions in the liver 

 without having shown any symptoms. In such cases the liver is enlarged and 

 contains large numbers of grayish-yellow dry caseous foci. The foci vary in 

 size from a millet seed to a hazelnut and are irregularly rounded in shape. Sero- 

 fibrinous peritonitis is also present. The disease was first described by Bivolta in 

 1878 and later by Jowett (1907). Both authors found protozoa in the liver lesions 

 provided with one or two flagella. This parasite was named the Cercomonas hepatia 

 by Rivolta. In 1910 two cases were studied carefully by v. Ratz who found that 

 the parasites were provided with three flagella and came to the conclusion that the 

 parasite was the Trichomonas cohnubae which usually inhaliits the intestine or 

 respiratory organs of the pigeon. Under some circumstances which are not known 

 they make their way out of the intestine and penetrate the liver, there setting up 

 nodular necrotic lesions. 



He believes that the parasite found by Rivolta and Jowett was the Tricho- 

 monas (V. Ratz, Kozl., 1910, VIII, 184). 



