Symptoms. 625 



symptoms did not appear until 20 hours after tlie injury. In 

 this case the brain and membranes were injured by the pene- 

 tration of a lance head through the lateral wall of the cranium. 

 In quite slight cases the animals stumble and fall, rising again 

 after a longer or shorter time. They may then appear to be 

 quite recovered or they may show local or general cerebral 

 symptoms, either for a time or permanently. On the other 

 hand, in severe cases, the animals 3-0 down at once and die 

 within a short time with convulsions and without having re- 

 gained consciousness. In a moderate case, the animal lies on 

 the ground for some time in a state of complete unconscious- 

 ness. The pupils are dilated and the reflexes are quite absent 

 or greatly inhibited. Respiration is slow and irregmlar, or 

 may be rapid. The heart and pulse are generally accelerated 

 but may be slow and often arhythmic. Involuntary evacuation 

 of feces and urine are often observed. In pigs and dogs there 

 is often vomiting. 



After a time varying from a few minutes to some hours, 

 fibrillar twitchings appear in single muscles or in groups. 

 There may be spasms which increase in violence. Nystagmus 

 is sometimes seen. After a time the animal raises its head 

 and tries to rise, and often succeeds. In cases where there is 

 no direct or indirect injury to the motor paths there may be 

 more or less extensive paralysis and this makes it impossible 

 for the animal to stand or move. 



Eicke observed the following symptoms in a clog that had hemorrhage of the 

 brain resulting from a kick from a foal: A great tendency to bite and chase 

 other animals and persons, a stumbling gait and frequent falls, dropping of the 

 lower jaw and foaming at the mouth. 



If the animals are conscious to some extent, and the func- 

 tions of the portion of the brain that is destroyed or injured 

 are well known, local symptoms may be recognized which were 

 previously obscured by the comatose state of the animal. 



Hemiplegia is seen comparatively frequently in cases in 

 which there is some destruction of the central motor path. The 

 hemiplegia is either partial or complete on the side of the body 

 opposite to that on which the injury is situated, there often 

 alternating hemiplegia with supra-nuclear (central) paralysis 

 of one half of the body and nuclear or infra-nuclear (periph- 

 eral) paralysis of individual cranial nerves on the same side 

 as the lesion. Unilateral paralysis is as a rule, more or less 

 pronounced under certain conditions. There may be paralysis 

 of cranial nerves without hemiplegia. Sometimes both sides 

 of the body are affected by a supra-nuclear paralysis. In one 

 particular case in a dog, the fore- legs were paralyzed, the ani- 

 mal pushing the paralyzed anterior part of the body along 

 with the hind legs. Injuries to one half of the cerebellum or 

 the peduncle of the cerebellum may lead to weakness of both 

 limbs on the same side. 



Another striking symptom that is not rarely seen in small 



Vol. 2—40 



