Acute Bulbar Paralysis. 673 



the occurrence of the Cysticercus pisiformis in the brain of a dog.— 

 Echinococcus cysts have now and then been found in the brain of the 

 horse (Oeltjen, Boschetti, Dollar, Giitzloff, Glokke), and in cattle (de 

 Angelis, Reaii, Laszlo). The alfected animals either showed simply 

 symptoms of dullness, or there were attacks of mania; the head was 

 held obliquely, and percussion of the cranium yielded a hollow sound 

 (Reali). — The larvae of sclerostomes sometimes occur in the brain of 

 the horse, and may give rise to an acute hemorrhagic meuingo-encepha- 

 litis, and possibly also to dilatation of some of the arteries of the brain 

 (Abilgaard, Le Bihan, Albrecht, van Heill). The occurrence of the 

 larvae of Gastrophilus has been recorded (Dieckerhoff, Lindstrom, Sie- 

 damgrotzky, Johne). The penetration in all probability took place via 

 the Eustachian tube or from the gutteral pouches through the foramen 

 lacerum. As a rule, they remain in the base of the brain and cause 

 an acute rapidly fatal meningo-encephalitis. On a few occasions the 

 larvae of the Hypoderma bovis has been found in the horse (Boas, Poul- 

 sen, Segelberg, Railliet), and on one occasion in Hungary, in the ox. 

 The ajiimals showed symptoms of a rapid and acute meningo-encepha- 

 litis. Widakowich found a sexually mature roundworm in the enlarged 

 pituitary body in a cat, and Lafargue in a horse showing symptoms of 

 meningitis two amphistomes in a subarachnoid hemorrhage. 



Apart from cysticercosis, no case has been recorded of parasites 

 causing functional nervous disturbances during life. 



Literature. De Angelis, N. Ere, 1903, 62.— Lafargue, Eee. d'Hyg. et de 

 Med. Vet. Mil., 1909, X, 705.— Martin, Eev. Vet., 1907, 741.— Eailliet & Diicasse, 

 Eec, 1901, 207.— Eeali, Clin. Vet., 1900, 2.59.— Siedamgrotzky, S. B., 1884, 15.— 

 Widakowich, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1905, XXXVIIT, 447. 



14. Bulbar Paralysis. Paralysis bulbaris. 



(Paralysis glosso-lahio-laryngea.) 



Bulbar paralysis is the term used to indicate combined pa- 

 ralysis of the cranial nerves arising from the floor of the 

 fourth ventricle (sixth to twelfth pairs). The disease may be 

 uncomplicated, or it may accompany other diseases of the brain 

 (meningitis, encephalitis, hemorrhage, contusion). 



(a) Acute Bulbar Paralysis. 



Paralysis of the nerves arising from the medulla oblongata 

 may be caused by hemorrhage that is limited to the medulla, 

 plugging of the vessels, or inflammation. In this connection, 

 encephalitis comes into consideration first. In many cases of 

 encephalitis due to distemper, and in the majority of cases due 

 to rabies, the disease sets in with bulbar paralysis. So far, no 

 anatomical reason has been found for the cases of infectious 

 acute bulbar paralysis observed in the cat and dog in Hungary 

 (see Vol. I), although Marek records a perivascular infiltration 

 in cattle that have died of the disease. Finally, poisoning by 

 bunt and rust in some cases causes symptoms of bulbar paraly- 



Vol. 2-43 



