Spinal Hemorrhage. Inflammation of the Spinal Cord. 689 



animals tliere is no improvement within a day or two, and if 

 in the small animals there is an actual fracture or luxation of 

 a vertebra, it is advisable to have the animal killed or sent to 

 the butcher. If treatment be undertaken, the first essentials 

 are perfect quiet and a soft bed. After some days, treatment 

 may be commenced with systematic massage, followed by cau- 

 tious movement, and, finally, electrical stimulation may be em- 

 ployed. 



Literature. Arndt, Ergebn. d. Path., 1903, IX, 1, Abt., 427.— Balint, 

 M Orv. Arch., 1903, 1.— Dexler, Ergebn. d. Path., 1900, VII, 466 (Lit.).— Knud- 

 Fen, Maanedsskr., 1909, XXI, 33.— Nielsen, ibid., 1907, XIX, 1.— Pallam, Vet. 

 Jonrn., 1905, 259.— Petit & Desonbry, Bull., 1905, 117.— Pilwat, Z. f. Vk., 1902, 

 321— Eoder, S. B., lcS96, 137.— Tapken, D. t. W., 1907, 489. 



Spinal Hemorrhage. {Apoplexia Spinalis, Hcematomijelia.) Hem- 

 orrhages of the spinal cord are generally due to inflammatory condi- 

 tions or to injury, and consequently do not come in for further consid- 

 eration here. There are very few references to spontaneous hemor- 

 rhage in the spinal cord in the domesticated animals ; and they have no 

 special clinical significance. Thomassen & Hamburger record a case 

 in a horse in which there were small hemorrhages in the cervical and 

 lumbar portions of the cord, and in which nficroscopical examination 

 showed dilatation of the neighboring capillaries. This particular horse 

 showed symptoms of paralysis which had disappeared the next day: 

 but three weeks later there was paralysis of the bladder, tail and nerves 

 of the face. The cause of the disease was in all probability inflamma- 

 tory. Dernbach observed intermeningeal hemorrhage in a case of pur- 

 pura. A case that was diagnosed as hematomyelia on purely clinical 

 grounds by Lellmann was, judging from the manner in which it showed 

 itself, and from its course, nothing but a case of pressure on the spinal 

 cord. 



4. Inflammation of the Spinal Cord. Myelitis spinalis. 



Under this term are usually included inflammatory con- 

 ditions of the cord which may or may not be associated with 

 softening, and which lead either to an infiltration with Avhite 

 corpuscles or to actual hemorrhage within the affected part of 

 the cord. 



Occurrence. The disease occurs most frequently in the 

 dog, less commonly in the horse, and very rarely in the other 

 species. In the dog the majority of cases occur in association 

 with distemper, in the horse with influenza, apart from the so- 

 called infectious spinal paralysis, which is probably inflamma- 

 tory in origin (see page 697). Marchand, Petit & Bredo have 

 recorded a case of cervical myelitis in a cock. 



Etiology. Inflammation of the spinal cord is caused by 

 viruses and bacterial toxins, and possibly also by other intox- 

 ications. The viruses of influenza, distemper, and rabies, often 



