Psychoses. 803 



found by Nissl coincide with those found later by Dexler after a painstaking analysis. 

 The same applies to the eases of sub-acute meningo-encephalitis of Marchand, Petit 

 & Peeard, in which the authors draw a parallel between the histological changes 

 found and those encountered in paralysis progressiva in man. But in reality the 

 clinical as well as the anatomical changes in dementia paralytica are fundamentally 

 different from those of the above named forms of encephalitis. 



Further hysteria is also said to occur in animals. This was first asserted by 

 Higier (1898) in connection with his observations in a cat and a canary bird. In 

 both animals a paralysis arising from traumatic causes disappeared after a severe 

 fright. The assertion is not supported by detailed clinical evidence, and an histologi- 

 cal examination which might perhaps have shown evidences of some organic disease 

 of the nervous system (traumatic lesion) was wanting. In a canary bird Losonczi 

 noticed a loud chirping and then a lifeless appearance lasting for a short time, when- 

 ever the cage of the bird was taken down; the first attack occurred, as in Higier 's 

 case, after a cat jumped at the cage. Grobon likewise claims to have seen 

 hysteria in cats. The cases of alleged hysteria in dogs reported by Mainzer (1906) 

 have been criticized by Dexler, and the latter has shown that hysteria in animals 

 occurs, at most seldom, or not at all, because it is prevented by the specifically animal 

 mentality, by the inability to coordinate the relations of phenomena one to the other. 

 Further, motor inhiliition due to strong impression upon the senses, which was 

 studied carefully by Yerworn and which is quite frequent in animals, may be mis- 

 taken for motor disturbances that have an emotional basis. Vageler, among others, 

 even assumed the existence of a supposedly imaginary pregnancy and took it also 

 to be a sign of hysteria, but Kehrer explains these cases as being due to auto- 

 intoxication with lutein which after an unfruitful oestrum is formed by the slowly 

 retrogressing corpus luteum, and after its absorption produces an affection of the 

 nerves which causes the milk glands to swell and secrete milk, so that the animal 

 becomes restless and prepares for parturition. 



Besides, the sexual perversity which is not uncommon in animals has been fre- 

 quently attributed to a degenerative psychopathic constitution (psychic degenera- 

 tion). Thus Cadiot relates that a 1% year old dog used to play with the hens in the 

 fowl yard, and developed the habit of covering one of the hens (whether immissio 

 penis occurred into the cloaca is not stated). A similar case was described by 

 Villemin in a 10 months old dog, which had the habit of seizing a hen, holding its 

 head fast with its mouth, and attempting to introduce his penis into her cloaca. 

 The misused hens were killed by this violence; only one hen allowed the rape with 

 resignation. Finally Holterbach noticed sexual intercourse between a bull and a 

 mare. The last named author attributed the penetration of the vaginal wall of a 

 cow by a powerful bull during covering to sadism. It would have to be proved, whether 

 these and similar abnormalities of sexual life are actually to be considered as 

 evidences of an abnormal psychic condition, for it is very easily possible that the 

 perverse sexual intercourse is merely the result of a frequently agitated sexual desire 

 arising from non-gratification of the normal sexual appetite, perhaps a kind of 

 onanism or simply a phase of detumescence. In man also all onanists or pederasts 

 can hardly be said to be mentally deranged or psychically degenerated, for the 

 sexual perversity can without doubt be the result of psychoses, but it has often been 

 observed independently of such a cause (Weygandt). Karsch and Lomer have given 

 numerous examples of abnormalities of sexual life in otherwise healthy animals. In 

 this connection the observation of Albrecht is also interesting where a dog with 

 prostatitis which emitted an odor like trimethylamin, was jumped by other dogs or 

 attracted them in like manner as if he were a bitch in heat. 



Enzootic cretinism in animals may be (see page 800) associated with tlie 

 psychoses of man from congenital defects. 



Literature. Albrecht, W. f. Tk., 1900, 161.— Dexler, Ergebn. d. Path., 1900, 

 VII, 401 (Lit.) ; Monatschr. f. Psychol, u. Neurol, 1904, XVI, 99 (Lit.) ; D. t. W., 

 1906, 525; 1908, 289; 1909, 61; Neurol. Cbl., 1907, 98 (Lit.); Die Tierpaniken, A. f. 

 Psych., 1907, XLII, 2 (Lit.); Zur Diagnostik d. psychotischen Krankh. d. Haustiere, 

 Prager Med. Wochenschr., 1908-1909, XXXIII (Lit.).— Ebbinghaus, Abriss. d. 

 Psychologic, 1908.-~Gleisberg, Lehrb. d. vergl. Path., 1865.— Goldbeck, D. t. W., 1902; 

 201.— Grobon, Eev. vet., 1907, 172.— Hoffmann, O. M., 1899, 1.— Holterbach, D. t. W., 

 1905, 519; B. t. W., 1905, 217.— Karsch, Paderastie u. Tribadie bei d. Tieren, 1900 

 (Lit.).— Kehrer. Die Umsehau, 1909, 171.— Lomer, Neurol. Cbl., 1906, 513.— Main- 

 ler, ibid., 1906, 438.— Marchand, Basset & Peeard, Eec, 1906, 813.— Straaten, 

 Maanedsskr, 1905, XVII, 1. — Vageler, Die Umsehau, 1909, 157. — Verworn, Die sog. 

 Hypnose d. Tiere. Beitr. zur Phvsiol. d. Zentralnervensystems, 1898. — Weston, Bee., 

 1905, 180.— Ziehen, Psychiatric, Leipzig, 1908. 



