822 Measles. 



panied by colicky pains and at times vomiting. At the time of the 

 migration and encapsulation of young trichinae one notices swelling, 

 increased consistency and painfulness of the muscles, and accordingly 

 superficial painful breathing, hoarseness of the voice, difficulty in swal- 

 lowing and pain in masticating. More or less characteristic are the 

 circumscribed edema of the eyelids and joints, severe perspiration, 

 fever similar to that of typhoid fever, and finally lying with the ex- 

 tremities drawai up under the body. Hemorrhages into the mucous 

 membrane and skin, prurigo, pustules, furuncles and severe perspira- 

 tion may also be noticed. Mild cases last 3 to 6 wrecks, severe ones for 

 many months. 



The diagnosis is supported by severe gastric disturbances which 

 are followed by the peculiar muscular affection and by edema of the 

 eyelids. It will further be strengthened by proofs of severe eosinophilia 

 in the blood, which occurs at the earliest eight days after the use of 

 trichinous flesh. The diagnosis becomes certain by the demonstration of 

 trichinae in an excised piece of muscle, or in the initial stage, in the 

 blood ; for this purpose the latter is mixed with acetic acid, centri- 

 fugalized and stained according to Giemsa (Stiiubli). 



Endemios of trichinosis have occurred pretty frequently since the discovery 

 of the parasite. Of a great number of outbreaks and cases of death the following 

 may be related: at Hedersleben, in the years 1863 and 1864 out of 2,000 inhabitants, 

 337 cases of trichinosis and 16 deaths; at Linden, in the year 1874, 400 cases, 40 

 deaths; at Emerslebeu, in the year 1883, 403 cases, 66 deaths. Johne recorded 

 in Saxony, between the years 1860 to 1889, no fewer than 109 endemics of 

 trichinosis with 3,402 cases and 79 deaths. Since the year 1902 there have been 

 annual endemics in Bavaria; in the year 1906 in Ingolstadt 8 cases; in the year 

 1908 in Eothenburg about 100 cases; in the year 1909 in Lorenzen 10 cases; in 

 Markterlbach and Wilhelnisdorf about 50 cases. According to Friis the disease 

 has been observed in Denmark on fifteen occasions. In Hungary the first outbreak 

 was observed by Ballagi (1891) in the ironworks at Diosgyor, where 26 persons 

 were taken ill after eating sausages which came from Debreezen, and after suffering 

 from one to four weeks all eventually recovered. 



Literature. Merkel, Handb. d. ges. Theraine von Penzoldt-Stintzing, 1909, I, 

 Bd., 353. ^' > > 



4. Measles. Cysticercosis. 



{Ladrerie [French]; Finiioikrcuilxheit [German].) 



History. Measles in swine was known in olden times to the Egyp- 

 tians, Jews and Greeks, but it was first recognized as being due to a 

 parasite by Hartmann in the year 1682. The connection of the disease 

 with a tapeworm was suspected by Fabricius at the end of the eighteenth 

 century, but the history of the development of the parasites was first 

 recorded by van Beneden and Kiichenmeister in the year 1850. Feed- 

 ing experiments leading to like conclusions were further undertaken 

 by Siebold, Haubner and Leuckart. 



In cattle Leuckart produced measles artificially by feeding with 

 the proglottides of Taenia saginata, and similar results were ob- 

 tained by Gurlt, Gerlach, Ziirn, Kiichenmeister, Leisering, Haubner; 

 Hertwig, Ostertag, Breuer, etc., furnished further contributions to the 

 knowledge of the disease in cattle. 



Occurrence. The frequency of the disease stands in re- 

 lation to the conditions of barns and houses in the affected re- 



