Occurrence. Etiologj-. §23 



gions. Where the animals are kept near dwelling's, about which 

 bad hygienic conditions prevail, it occurs more frequently than 

 where the collection and removal of excreta are well attended to. 

 Consequently measles is generally much more frequent in the 

 East than in the civilized countries of Europe where the fre- 

 quency of cysticercosis has fallen to an inconsiderable per- 

 centage, especially in recent years. Swine are affected much 

 more frequently than cattle, and the pigs of small farmers more 

 frequently than the herds on large estates. 



Measles was found in Germany, in the Kingdom of Prussia, in the years 1890 

 to 1895 on an average in 0.15% of 25,490,339 pigs examined; from 1897 to 1905 

 among 64,648,755 swine examined 0.05% were diseased; in 1904 to 1906 the per- 

 centages averaged 0.03, 0.025 and 0.04%,. In the eastern provinces swine measles is 

 much more frequent than in the western (Ostertag). In Saxony, in the years 1897 

 to 1902, the percentage varied between 0.01 and 0.04, the lower percentages applying 

 to the last years; in 1906 a percentage of 0.01 was announced. 



In Hungary, in the Budapest slaughter-house, in the years 1897 to 1901, out of 

 474,401 swine examined (many having come from Servia), an average of 1.08% 

 were found to be measly. In the Budapest fattening establishment (Kobauya) 

 Servian swine examined during life in the years 1895 to 1905 were found to be 

 affected to the extent of 0.5%, (v. Kukuljevie.) 



Cysticercosis of cattle was found in the Kingdom of Prussia, in the years 

 1897 to 1901, in 0.55% of slaughtered cattle; in the year 1904 in 0.32%; in 1905 

 in 0.34%- ; and in the year 1906 in 0.37%. In Bavaria the percentage in the year 

 1906 was estimated at 0.06, and Zagelmeier found in the slaughter-house at Niirn- 

 berg 1.48%- and 1.58% of cattle affected. In the Kingdom of Saxony, in the 

 years 1897 to 1902, there was an average of 0.37% of slaughtered cattle diseased, 

 whilst in the year 1906 the percentage was 0.22. In Augsburg, Stroh found measles 

 in 0.04% of slaughtered calves. 



In Hungary, Csaky and Breuer were the first to find cysticercosis in cattle. 

 In Budapest, in the years 1897 to 1907, an average of 0.21 to 0.45% of slaughtered 

 cattle were diseased, and in the last four years the percentages varied between 0.30 

 and 0.42. 



In Switzerland, France and Italy cattle measles has also been noted, and 

 especially so in Italy, and also in Tunis where, according to Alix, about 5% of the 

 slaughtered cattle are found to be measly. 



Etiology. Measles of swine is caused by the Cysticercus 

 cellulose, the larval form of Taenia solium. This occurs as 

 a cyst about the size of a lentil or small bean, round or oval in 

 shape with a thin wall on whose internal surface a milk-white 

 point may be seen; this is the invaginated scolex and is ex- 

 truded on pressure upon the vesicle. Under the microscope one 

 sees four suckers on the scolex, and between these a rostellum 

 carrying 24 to 32 booklets. 



The measles of cattle is due to the Cysticercus bovis s. 

 inermis, the larval form of Taenia mediocanellata s. saginata; 

 it is similar to the cysticercus of swine, but it has a more longish 

 oval form, appears somewhat reddish in color, and there is no 

 rostellum on the scolex; one finds four suckers at the anterior 

 end of the head, and a depression which corresponds to the ros- 

 tellum. 



The development of cysticerci occurs when proglottides, which 

 get into the open with human feces, or eggs which have been liberated 

 by the destruction of the proglottides, are taken up by swine or cattle. 

 When the eggshell is dissolved by the digestive juices, the liberated 

 onkospheres bore through the stomach wall and are carried by the 



