PREFACE. ix 



In discussing doubtful questions, the writer has 

 endeavored to maintain a judicial spirit of inquiry, 

 and to point out not only ideals, principles, and 

 truths, but also practical limitations which prevent 

 the attainment of the ideals. 



In order not to encumber the text too much, an 

 appendix of notes, tables, and references has been 

 added, which will assist in verifying conclusions 

 drawn and give direction to those who desire to 

 study further. 



To the unnamed friend who has kindly under- 

 taken to revise the proof-sheets I desire to express 

 my thanks. 



B. E. FERNOW. 

 ITHACA, November, 1902. 



