NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST. 155 



receive an excess, hence we find such trees with 

 broad base tapering rapidly toward the crown; 

 while trees of the forest, grown in denser stand, 

 and having smaller confined crowns, elaborate less 

 material, hence the lower portions do not receive 

 so much, the result being a more nearly cylindrical 

 form, or even taper. 



In the volume development matters become more 

 complicated, and we must differentiate it into parts, 

 namely, the volume of the bole, and that of the 

 branches, and brush wood, not to speak of the root 

 growth, or, as is customary with foresters, we may 

 consider the volume of the useful timber wood, 

 namely, material over three inches in diameter, as 

 differentiated from the brush wood, of smaller 

 dimension. 



In a tree grown in the open, the crown is apt, for 

 a time at least, to develop at the expense of the 

 bole, and the deposition of new material takes 

 place more largely in the branches. At the same 

 time, since under this condition the largest amount 

 of foliage is at work, the largest amount of total 

 wood is also produced by such single trees. In the 

 forest the branch development is impeded by the 

 neighbors, hence each single component of the for- 

 est not only produces less wood, but the distri- 

 bution of the product is different, the valuable bole 

 receiving more than the less valuable branches. 

 Since open position secures quantity, dense position 

 quality, we can conceive of such a position or density 



