FOREST POLICIES OF FOREIGN NATIONS. 307 



and administered for its benefit, situated in the 

 newly acquired province of Alsace-Lorraine. 



(3) Crown forests (Fideicommiss), the owner- 

 ship of which remains in the reigning family, 

 which are administered by state government, but 

 the revenues of which are in part applicable to 

 government expenses. 



(4) Princely domains, which are the exclusive 

 and private property of the prince. 



(5) Communal forests possessed by and admin- 

 istered by village and city communities, or even by 

 provinces as a whole for their own benefit. 



(6) Association forests, the remnants of the old 

 " mark " forests, possessed by a number of owners, 

 the state sometimes being part owner. 



(7) Institute and corporation, school or bequest 

 forests, which belong to incorporated institutions, 

 like churches, hospitals, and other charitable institu- 

 tions. 



(8) Private forests, of larger or smaller extent, 

 the exclusive property of private owners. 



The proportions of these classes of property 

 which existed in the beginning of the century 

 experienced considerable changes by the sale of 

 state forests, the sales being due partly to finan- 

 cial distress, partly to a mistaken application of 

 Adam Smith's theories, which supposed that free 

 competition would lead to a better management 

 and to the highest development of the forest in- 

 dustry as well as of other industries. 



