FOREST POLICIES OF FOREIGN NATIONS. 311 



of the individual and that of the community in this 

 property, that it should secure permanency of a 

 property which insures a continued and increasing 

 revenue. The principle upon which the control 

 of these communal holdings rests is then mainly 

 a fiscal one. 



The degree of control and restriction varies in 

 different localities. Sale and partition and clearing 

 of communal forest can usually take place only 

 by permission of the state authorities, and is 

 generally discountenanced except for good reasons 

 (e.g. too much woods on agricultural soil). 



With reference to 5.6 per cent of communal 

 forest property, this is the only control, entirely of 

 a fiscal nature. The rest is more or less closely 

 influenced in the character of its management, 

 either by control of its technicalities or else by 

 direct management and administration on the part 

 of the government. 



Technical control makes it necessary that the 

 plans of management be submitted to the govern- 

 ment for sanction, and that proper officers or 

 managers be employed who are inspected by 

 government foresters. This is the general sys- 

 tem, under which 49.4 per cent of communal forests 

 are managed (as also in Austria and Switzerland), 

 giving greatest latitude and yet securing conserva- 

 tive management. To facilitate the management of 

 smaller areas several properties may be combined 

 under one manager, or else a neighboring govern- 



