RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT. 



differs from the raspberry and blackberry, but like them it is 

 not a true berry. 



886. The apple, pear, quince, etc. In the flower the calyx, 

 corolla, and stamens are perigynous, i.e., they are seated on the 

 margin of the receptacle, or torus, which is elevated around the 

 pistils. In fruit the receptacle becomes consolidated with the 

 wall of the ovary (with the pericarp). The torus thus rein- 

 forces the pericarp. The torus and outer portion of the pericarp 

 become fleshy, while the inner portion of the pericarp becomes 

 papery and forms the "core." The calyx persists on the free 

 end of the fruit. Such a fruit is called a pome. The receptacle, 

 or torus, of the rose-flower, closely related to the apple, is in- 

 structive when used in comparison. The rose-fruit is called a 

 "hip." 



887. The pepo. The fruit of the squash, pumpkin, cucum- 

 ber, etc., is called a pepo. The outer part of the fruit is the recep- 

 tacle (or torus), which is consolidated with the outer part of the 

 three-loculed ovary. The calyx, which, with the corolla and 

 stamens, was epigynous, falls off from the young fruit. 



VI. Fruits of Gymnosperms. 



The fruits of the gymnosperms differ from nearly all of the 

 angiosperms in that the seed formed from the ripened ovule is 

 naked from the first, i.e., the ovary, or carpel, does not enclose 

 the seed. 



888. The cone-fruit is the most prominent fruit of the gymno- 

 sperms, as can be seen in the cones of various species of pine, 

 spruce, balsam, etc. 



889. Fleshy fruits of the gymnosperms. Some of the fleshy 

 fruits resemble the stone-fruits and berries of the angiosperms. 

 The cedar "berries," for example, are fleshy and contain several 

 seeds. But the fleshy part of the fruit is formed, not from peri- 

 carp, since there is no pericarp, but from the outer portion of 

 the ovules, while the inner walls of the ovules form the hard 

 stone surrounding the endosperm and embryo. An examination 



