106 Classification 



stood the test of time, with some modifications, better than any other 

 which has been advanced. Gervais (in Walckenaer and Gervais, 1844, 

 p. 229), however, at the same period, divided Acarina simply into seven 

 genera, of which one genus, Ixodes, included all the ticks. Nicolet 

 (1855, p. 381) divided aerial and terrestrial (in contrast to aquatic) 

 mites into five groups, one of which was Ixodides. Furstenberg 

 (1861, p. 208) took over the classification of ticks from C. L. Koch, 

 without making any change. Donnadieu (1875) included Argas under 

 Ixodidds. Megnin (1876 a, p. 293; 1877, p. 86; 1880, p. 117; and 

 1892, p. 25) gave the Ixodid6s as one of eleven divisions of Acarina. 

 Murray (1877, p. 185) divided mites into eight families, of which one, 

 family 5, was the Ixodidae. Kramer (1877, p. 215) likewise gave 

 ticks family rank under the name Ixodidae, and Michael (1883, p. 50) 

 includes Argas in the family Ixodidae. 



Canestrini and Fanzago (1877, p. 110) divided the family Ixodini 

 into four genera : Ixodes, Hyalomma, Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus. 

 Karsch (1879, p. 96) established the genus Margaropus. Canestrini 

 (1890, p. 491) subsequently divided the family Ixodidae (or Ixodinae) 

 into three groups: I. Poliopli, with almost the whole venter " coraz- 

 zato," i.e. covered by chitinous plates, literally " cuirassed " (one genus : 

 Ixodes), II. Tetraopli, with four adanal shields (two genera : Hyalomma 

 and Rhipicephalus), III. Anopli, with naked venter (two genera : 

 Dermacentor and Haemaphysalis). Ordered according to the structure 

 of the palps, he divided the Ixodidae into two sections : A. Cultri- 

 palpi (Genera Ixodes and Hyalomma), and B. Gonipalpi (Genera 

 Phaulixodes 1 [Berlese], Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis 

 and Herpetobia 1 [Canestrini]). He confined his classification to the 

 Italian ticks, of which he had a personal knowledge. Canestrini 

 (1892, p. 563) places ticks under Acaroidea as an order Metastigmata 

 comprising two families: 1. Ixodidae, 2. Argasidae. Marx (1892a, 

 p. 233) follows, in a measure, the classification of C. L. Koch, but 

 substitutes Cynorhaestea for Ricini (Ricinus being preoccupied), and 

 ranks Cynorhaestea as a suborder instead of an order; he divided 

 the suborder into two tribes, or groups : I. Catastomata, comprising 

 two families : 1. Argasidae (with two genera : Argas and Ornithodoros), 

 and 2. Eschatocephalidae (provisionally forming a " connecting link 

 between the two tribes ") ; and II. Antistomata, comprising three 

 families: 1. Haemalastoridae (with two genera: Haemalastor and 



1 Since condemned, recognized as nymphal forms : Phaulixodes = Rhipicephalus, 

 Herpetobia = Haemaphysalis, 



