Classification 107 



Sarconyssus), 2. Ixodidae (with three genera : Ixodes, Amblyomma and 

 Hyalomma), 3. Rhipistomidae (with five genera: Boophilus, Rhipi- 

 cephalus, Dermacentor, Rhipistoma and Haemaphysalis). Soon after- 

 wards, Banks (1894, p. 209) established the superfamily Ixodoidea, 

 which we retain in this work. 



Neumann (1896, p. 2) placed ticks (Ixodidds) as a family in the 

 order Acari, and divided them into two subfamilies : I. Argasinae 

 (with two genera: Argas and Ornithodoros), and II. Ixodinae ; he sub- 

 sequently (1897, p. 325 ami 1899, p. 107) recognized three tribes under 

 Ixodinae : Tribe 1. Ixodae (= Gultripalpi of Canestrini, including 

 four genera: Ixodes, Hyalomma, Amblyomma and Aponomma); Tribe 2. 

 Rhipicephalae (= Conipalpi of Canestrini, including three genera : 

 Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor and Haemaphysalis) ; and Tribe 3 to 

 include Haemalastor. By Haemalastor he meant to refer to forms 

 like Ixodes vespertilionis, of which there are many bad species; he, 

 however (1899, p. 166), recognised its close affinity to Ixodae, except 

 for the structure of the J 1 capitulum, and gives Haemalastor only 

 generic rank after Ixodes. He founded the genus Aponomma (1899, 

 p. 180) to include Amblyom ma-like forms, differing from Amblyomma 

 in not possessing eyes, and in having broader bodies, besides occurring 

 almost exclusively on Ophidia and Sauria. Neumann (1901, p. 318) 

 briefly reviews the subject of classification, and notes the fact that 

 C. L. Koch and himself were the only authors who based their classi- 

 fications upon an extended study of actual specimens. He (p. 321) 

 condemns Phaulixodes Berlese and Herpetobia Canestrini; Haemalastor 

 Koch is referred to Hyalomma ; Sarconyssus Kolenati is referred to 

 Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld ; (p. 276) Boophilus Curtice is united to 

 Rhipicephalus; Rhipistoma Koch and Opisthodon Canestrini, Gonixodes 

 Duges are included under Haemaphysalis ; Caris Latreille, Crotonus 

 Dume"ril, Cynorhaestes Hermann are referred to as "des synonymes plus 

 ou moins precis A' Eschatocephalus et d' Ixodes"; Pseudixodes Haller is 

 referred to Dermacentor ; Ophiodes Murray falls into synonymy (= Apo- 

 nomma), Xiphiastor Murray, and Adenopleura Macalister are condemned 

 as undeterminable, being possibly Amblyomma spp.; Margaropus Karsch 

 is stated to be nothing more " qu'un individu anormal de Rhipicephalus 

 annulatus (Say) var. microplus." After thus clearing the ground of a 

 good deal of lumber, he (p. 322) reiterates that he is in agreement with 

 most zoologists in regarding the Ixodidae as merely a family of the 

 order Acarina, and he divides the family into ten genera which he 

 groups into two subfamilies : I. Ixodinae divided into two tribes : 



8—2 



