Term inology 129 



may be fused. In all Ixodidae the 4th article is reduced to a small hair- 

 crowned papilla lying in a cup-like hollow of article 3. The articles which 



are of importance in classification are Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 

 Dorsum = the whole dorsal surface of the body. 



Scut um = the "dorsal shield," " Kopfschild," etc., of some authors. The size is 



stilted by giving the length first, then the greatest width (including the 



eyes, if protruding), thus - 9 x "7 mm. 

 Pseudoscutum = that portion of the <$ scutum which corresponds in shape and 



position with the 5 scutum, and is sometimes outlined by a ridge, puncta- 



tions or hairs, without being a definite structure. 

 Emarginate means hollowed out for the reception of the capitulum. This 



portion of the scutum is styled the emargination in the figures. 

 Scapulae — the anterior angles or "shoulders" of the scutum projecting on 



either side of the emargination and included in measurements of the length. 

 Cervical grooves = the term commonly applied to the pair of grooves running 



backward from the inner angles of the scapulae. 

 Lateral grooves = grooves running along the sides of the scutum in both sexes. 



In the <J they may be prolonged backward and include one or more 



festoons ; they are spoken of as " complete " if they are continuous along 



the anterior border of the festoons. 

 Marginal grooves run along the sides of the body in the <J , starting at the 



postero-lateral scutal border (they correspond to the <J lateral grooves 



which are prolonged backward). The marginal grooves may include several 



festoons, or they may be " complete." 

 Median and postero-lateral depressions, grooves or furrows are more or less 



evident in some <$ s and most $ s. They correspond to lines of attachment 



of the dorso-ventral bands of muscles. 

 Median and lateral fields = parts of the scutum lying (1) between the cervical 



grooves, and (2) external to the latter. 

 Festoons are the uniform rectangular areas into which the posterior margin of 



the body is divided up in most of the Ixodidae. They are most distinct 



in unfed specimens, but disappear more or less in distended females. 



The dividing grooves are sometimes referred to as the "intervals" of the 



festoons. The festoons frequently have distinct chitinous plates on their 



ventral surface. (Figs. 120, 121, etc.) 

 Foveae = the " submedian dorsal porose areas " of Salmon and Stiles, two small 



spots often observable near the middle of the scutum in the <$ ; posterior 



to the scutum in the ? . (Figs. 121, 123, 130.) 

 Marginal fold = a raised fold of the body, external to the scutum, as seen in 



Ixodes (see Fig. 115). 

 Venter = the whole ventral surface of the body. 



Genital orifice : situated anteriorly, posterior to the capitulum, and in the 



median line. Called vulva for brevity's sake in the $> . 

 Apron : a delicate chitinous flap arising in front of the sexual orifice which it 



covers. 

 Genital grooves: starting at either side of the genital orifice and running 



