134 Genus Ixodes 



maintained, and that, of Ceratixodes created). — 1904. Neumann, p. 444 {Ixodes 

 to include 3 subgenera : Euixodes, Ceratixodes and Eschatocephalus, vide 

 infra). — 1905. Lahille, pp. 12, 28 (classification). — 1906. Neumann, p. 195 

 (coitus and sexual dimorphism). — 1907. Donitz, p. 88 (useful) ; Pocock, p. 190 

 (classification) ; Hunter and Hooker, p. 54. — 1908. Nuttall, pp. 385 et seq. 

 (structure, biology, oviposition) ; Bonnet, p. 253 (descriptions condensed from 

 Neumann ; figures original, but poor) ; Banks, p. 55 ; Howard, p. 92. — 1909. 

 Rohr, p. 135 (quotes Neumann, also with regard to species enumerated); 

 Blanchard, pp. 80 et seq. (brief descriptions and lists of species, largely drawn 

 from Neumann and other authors since). — 1910. Donitz, pp. 400, 432 (classifi- 

 cation discussed) ; Stiles, pp. 12-17 (classification) ; Brumpt, Fig. 353 (copulation). 



Cynorhaestes Hermann, 1804, p. 66 (pro parte) and subsequent authors. — 1826, 

 Risso, p. 183 ; Heyden, p. 610. — 1831, Treviranus, p. 188, after which the name 

 fell into synonymy. (Referred to as Cynorrhaestes Hermann by Fabricius, 

 1805, p. 351, and Duges, 1834 c, p. 33 ; as Cynoraesthes by Latreille, 1829, p. 287 ; 

 as Cynochaestes by Megirin, 1880, p. 120 ; as Cynorhoestes by Trouessart, 1891, 

 p. 290.) 



Crotonus Dumeril, 1822, p. 56. — 1829, p. 401 (ft ricinus = I. ricinus (Linn.)). 



Haemalastor Koch, 1844, p. 223 ; 1847, p. 49 (type, H. longirostris). Used partly 

 as equivalent to Esckatocephalus (vide infra) by Kolenati, 1857, p. 437 ; 1860, 

 p. 578 ; Karsch, 1880, pp. 141 et seq. ; Megnin, 1880, p. 120 (Haemalostor) [sic]; 

 and Neumann, 1899, p. 178. 



Note : Haemalastor was established by C. L. Koch to include one species 

 (longirostris), of which he only knew the <% . Neumann, 1901, p. 290, dis- 

 covered, however, upon examination of the type, that it possessed eyes, in 

 consequence of which he referred it to the genus Hyalomma. Consequently, 

 the genus Haemalastor disappears, together with the single species upon 

 which it was founded. For list of species referred to Haemalastor by various 

 authors, see List of condemned species. 



Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld, 1853, p. 55. Recognized by L. Koch, 1877, p. 150 ; 

 Joseph, 1882, p. 16 ; Neumann, 1899, p. 179, and 1901, p. 290 (name revived), 

 and all subsequent authors except Donitz, 1910. For a list of species referred 

 to Eschatocephalus by various authors, see List of condemned species. 



Note: Eschatocephalus was retained as a genus by Neumann (1902, p. 116) 

 until 1904, p. 445, when he made it a subgenus of Ixodes, because he considered 

 that the generic characters were insufficient to maintain the generic rank, the 

 differences "being only specific." He states that "the <J, by virtue of its 

 claviform palps, which are circular on cross section, differs sufficiently from 

 other Ixodes to place this species (meaning /. vespertilionis) in a subgenus." 

 Still retained as a genus by Blanchard, 1909, p. 96. We are of the same 

 opinion as Donitz, 1910, p. 400, that there is no valid reason for retaining the 

 genus, and we have condemned Eschatocephalus as a subgenus. 



Dermany8SU8 Kolenati, 1857, p. 20 = Ixodes (ride List of condemned species). 



Sarconyssus Kolenati, 1857, p. 21 (various "species " — Ixodes vespertilionis. See 

 List of condemned species). 



Hyalomma Pickard-Cambridge, 1878, p. 222, Hyalomma puta = Ixodes pulus q.v. 



Ceratixodes Neumann, 1902, p. 115. The main points whereby the genus can be 



