320 Appendix I [41] 



chelicerae and palps) together into the orifice. The mouthparts are 

 pushed in and withdrawn with a sawing motion, the capitulum being 

 alternately protruded and retracted from his body whilst it is directed 

 backward almost at a right angle to the long axis of the male's body. 

 The mouthparts penetrate more and more deeply but not further 

 than the basal article of the palps. At each movement of partial 

 withdrawal the male mouthparts are tilted forward so that friction 

 against the anterior lip of the vulva takes place. The chelicerae 

 are all the while being actively protruded and retracted within their 

 transparent sheaths, the distance which they travel in their movement 

 to and fro corresponding about to the length of the second palpal 

 article ; the chelicerae usually move alternately. Presently the male 

 capitulum is more and more depressed so that the hypostome points 

 slightly backward whilst the dorsal surface of the basis capituli comes 

 to be placed on a line traversing the first pair of coxae about midway 

 along their length when viewed ventrally. (When disturbed at this 

 stage it is seen that the male and female sexual apertures are in 

 apposition.) The ventral surface of the female, together with the thick- 

 lipped vulva, has, up to this, been somewhat prominent, but now the 

 area about the vulva, and especially posterior to it between the first pair 

 of coxae, becomes markedly depressed. At the moment when the 

 female venter becomes depressed the male withdraws his mouthparts 

 completely from the vulva and at the same time separates his body 

 somewhat from that of the female to which it has hitherto been closely 

 applied. The male's capitulum is now directed forward, whilst the palps 

 and chelicerae are working actively, the digits being moved about 

 rapidly. (When the sexes are separated at this stage it is found that 

 the spermatophore is issuing from the male sexual orifice. The 

 spermatophore, viewed as a whole, is flask-shaped, with a long thin 

 neck, which is the first part to issue from the orifice ; the tip of the 

 neck of the flask when it issues adheres to the tip of the male 

 hypostome. The spermatophore is ejected rapidly and lies along the 

 venter of the female with the neck directed toward the vulva into 

 which it is immediately inserted by the hypostome of the male. 

 A moment later a large amount of clear-watery fluid emerges from 

 the coxal glands of the male.) When viewed from in front, the ticks 

 not being disturbed, a large amount of clear fluid now floods the space 

 between their venters ; the male reintroduces his mouthparts into the 

 vulva, and the ticks again bring their bodies close together. The male 

 mouthparts are worked to and fro very much as they were at first, and, 



