Ml.THODS USED IN THE STUDY OK STAIN HES. 



20 



and Btrontium nitrate; in Richardia, chloral hydrate, 

 chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and 

 .-odium salicylate] in Musa, chloral hydrate, chromic 

 and. pyrogallic acid, sodinm salicylate, and cobalt ni- 

 trate; in Phaius, chloral hydrate, rl.r-.inh- arid, nitric 

 and, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 

 iodide, potassium sulphi . potassium sulphide, so- 



dium hydroxide, sodium sulphide, and sodium salicylate; 

 in Miltonia, chloral hydrate, chromic acid, hydrochloric 

 acid, potassium iodide, and sodium salicylate; in Cym- 

 bidium, chloral hydrate, chromic and. sodium salii 3 late, 

 barium chloride, and mercuric chloride ; and in ( 'alanthe, 

 chloral hydrate, chromic and. nitric acid, hydrochloric 

 acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium salicylate. In- 

 s here and there will be found where additional 

 reagents, or reagents ■ from 



the standard- given, were used. The special reasons for 

 the selections in the various cases will be found in 

 Chapter V. 



12. Charts ofReaction-Intensities of Differ] n i 

 Starches. 

 It is difficult or impossible to associate the different 

 sities of a given starch with different reag- 

 ent- or those of different starches with a single re 

 when expressed in figures in such a way as to form an 

 accurate or even a reasonably approximate mental picture 

 of their individual and related values; and, moreover, 

 an association of this kind becomes increasingly difficult 

 or absolutely impossible when one attempts to multiply 

 such picture- in a comparison of the reactions of two 

 or more Btarches with diffi igents or of two or 



more reagents with a given starch. Hence, it has been 

 found accessary to translate these figures into the forms 

 of curves which, as will be - not only strikingly 



clear pie-, 'iitations of these extremely varied reaction- 

 intensities, but also, as a corollary, permit of tic readiest 

 andm iry comparisons, [t was found during 



the development of the research that it is desirable to 

 exhibit these peculiarities in six kinds of charts a- 

 follows : 



A 1 to A 26, showing the reaction-intensities of all or 

 many of the starches with each agent and 

 reagent. 



K 1 to B 42, showing the reaction-intensities of certain 

 starches with certain agents and reagents. 



C 1, shown-- the reaction-intensities of genera and sub- 

 ra or other generic subdivisions as regards 

 lit. -urn. and average. 



D 1 to D 691, showing the velocity-reactions of different 

 starches with different reagents. 



E 1 to B 16, showing compos on-intensity curves 



of the starches of parent- and hybrid-stocks 

 with diff ats and reagents. 



F l to F 1 I, showing the percentages of macroscopic and 



microscopic characters of plants, and of the 



ages of the reaction-intensities of 



starches, as regards sameness to one or the 



other or both parents, inter] liateness, and 



excess and deficit of development. 



Inasmuch as thi- research 1- primarily a comparative 

 investigation of tl es of parent- and hybrid- 



it parents and offspring 

 have, whenever feasibli ■ rable, been plotted out 



her in order !i r comparisons easy. For 



various reasons, hen ill of these charts have 



been brought together and now compose the last part of 

 ( lhapter I V, page 175, et srq. 



In the e ! A. B, and F, 111 



the polarization, iodine, gentian-^ iolet, and safranin reac- 

 •■'■ are in terms of quantitative light and 

 color value- based on an arbitrary scale of 105 in divi- 

 sions of twentieths ; in the temperatures of gelatinizai 

 m the centigrade scale from 10 to 95 in division 

 2.5 ; ami in the gelatinization experiments with ditT 

 reagents m a duplex scale, the upper portion giving the 

 time of complete or practically complete gelatinization 

 (95 per cent or more of the total starch), ajid the lower 

 portion the percentage of the total starch gelatinized 

 when complete or practically complete gelatinization has 

 not occurred h ithin 60 minuti -. In ('hart- A 1 to A 26 

 the vertical lines that are projected from the plant 1. 

 are es the abscissae that rep reaction- 



intensity values. Thus, if gelatinization is complet 

 practically complete al the end of ;, minutes tie- line is 

 can led to tin' ;, minute abscissa ; if 80 per cent is gela- 

 tinized at the end of the 60-minute p 

 carried to the lower part of the scab — that is, to the 

 abscissa desig] «r cent of the total -tareh gela- 



tinized in 60 minute-, and so on. The second form of 

 chart, including I'. 1 to I" 40, while having the same 

 abscissae as the first and fifth forms have different ordi- 



: 1- IS It and H 42 while having 

 ordinates a- the others of tin- group have wholly or partly 



different s to meet -|„ cial c iitions. In I 



charts the reaction-intensity value- have been recorded 

 at the proper abscissa on each ordinate and then a line 

 projected from ordi] to form a curve. In 



Charts F 1 to F Hi the ordi ent the various 



agents and reagents, the values are recorded as in group 

 R 1 to B I 1 ', .eel in eai h chart tie lion- 



intensities of parent -toeks and offspring are presented, 

 [n Chart C 1 the e are in terms of height, sum, and 



average reaction-intensities, and the ordinates repr 

 '■Hera, subgenera, or generic subdivisions. In chart" 

 1 1 I to D 670 there are given records of the progress of 

 gelatinization in per cent-time, the curves of each set of 

 ks and offspring being recorded on each chart, 

 excepting in case of a few special charts. The abscissa 5 

 arc in terms of percent:! and the ordi- 



are in time-intervals of ."1 minutes. While deter- 

 mining the percentage of total starch gelatinized at defi- 

 nite time-inter s were made at 

 the same periods of the total number of trains com- 

 v gelatinized. When these two sets ,,f data are 

 reduced to curves it is found that varying differ 

 are exhibited by the d starches, in the cas 

 each starch with the various rea g '< by the differ- 



