CHIEF FORMS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OP STARCH-GRAINS. G5 



II. ISimple Grains. The majority of plants exhibit perfectly simple individual grains, among which 

 doublets and triplets only occur as exceptions. The following groups may 

 be distinguished: 



1. Roundish Bodies. 



A. With the central cavity or hiluni apparently absent. 



1. Quite small, almost spherical granules, occurring almost everywhere from time 



to time in the vegetable kingdom as cellular contents, as for instance, in 

 carrots, in the cambium in the winter; in leaves as the bearers of chlorophyl, 

 etc. 



2. Large, irregular, knobby, often truncated multiangular grains, as, for instance, 



in the bull)ous buds of Saxifraga granulala and in the pseudo-tubers of 

 Ficaria verna. 



B. With small roundish central cavities or hila. 



(a) With a perceptible laminated formation. 



3. Very large, rough grains, deformed as it were. Found in the pith of the Cyca- 



dacew. There are somewhat similar grains in the underground leaves of 

 Lathrwa squamaria, in which the inner layers form an ovoid grain almost 

 similar to those of potato starch; the few grains formed in external layers, 

 on the contrary, are so irregular, and generally so disproportionally thick- 

 ened at one or two sides, that the whole grain assumes a broadish triangular 

 figure. 



4. Ovoid granules. In the potato. 



5. Mussel-like granules. In the bulbs of the larger Liliacece, as in Fritillaria and 



Lilium. 



6. Almost triangular. In Tulipa. 



(6) With ati indistinct or deficient lameUatcd formation. 



7. Rounded-off polyhedric grains. In the albumen (perisperm) of Zea mays. 



8. Sharp-edged, polyhedric, very small grains. In the albumen of Oryza saliva. 



(c) With an elongated central cavity. 



9. Roundish or oval grains, in a dry condition, generally showing a star-like cleft 



in the imier layers. In the Legiiminosw, as in the seeds of Pisum and Pha- 

 seolus. 



(d) Perfectly hollow, apparently cup-like grains. 



10. Very marked in the rhizome of Iris florentina and in kindred species. 



2. Flatly compressed lenticular granules. 



11. Sometimes with, sometimes without, a decided lamellated formation; some- 



times with a central, or eccentric, or less rounded, or more elongated, or 

 radiated torn-up cavity or hilum. In the albumen of Triticum, Hordeuni, 

 and Secale. 



3. Perfectly flat discs. 



12. With more distinct lamelkr, in which it is, however, at times doubtful whether 



they pass entirely around or are only menisci laitl over one another. The 

 former appeared prot;)able owing to analogy and the phenomena presented 

 in roasting and on dissolving in sulphuric acid. We do not find it in the 

 rhizomes of all the Scitaminea;, as Meyer asserts, but exclusively in the Zin- 

 giberacecc Lindl; and neither in the Cannacew, nor in the Marantacem. 



4- Elongated grains. 



13. With an elongated central cavity in the milk-juice of the indigenous and a few 



of the tropical Euphorbiacece. 



5. Very irregular grains. 



14. In the milky juice of many tropical Euphorbiacece. 

 5 



