TYPE (■). GRAINS SIMPLE, ECCENTRIC, INVERTED, CONE-SHAPED. 213 



Euphorbia nereifolia Linn. (Euphorbiacece.) Fresh latex.- — Grains in the broad aspect bone-shaped, 

 with rounik'd, broadened, and usually lobate ends; two-ninths to on(!-third as broad ;x.s long 

 about the middle, and half as broad as long at the ends. In the narrow aspect, rod-shai)ed 

 or narrow-spindle-shaped, frequently curved; one-fifth to on(!-seventh as thick as long; 

 usually without lamelliE; with a channel-like cavity along the median line from which short 

 transverse fissures radiate. Length about 50/^. Some forms with lobate processes in the 

 mitldle of the grain may also occur, in which case thej' are two-thirds as broad as long. The 

 fissures are already jiresent in the grain in the latex and do not alter in water. 



Type C. Grains Simple, Eccentric, Inverted, Cone-Shaped. 



Lamellae more numerous and coarser on one side, and fewer and finer on the diametrically 

 opposite side. Grains more or less conical, almost circular on cross-section. The eccentric hilum 

 is toward the slender end. The lamellEB, which completely encircle the grain, are interspersed at 

 the thickened side with incomplete lamellae, but rarely in great numbers. On drying, fissures 

 radiating from the central lamellte are formed which are usually turned toward the distal end, 

 and have a funnel-like arrangement. This type usually has no well-marked characteristics, and 

 through the grain with equal ends easily merges into types 7 and 9; and again through these grains 

 to those which are slightly compressed at the distal end into t>-pe 8. This type (6) may jjossibly 

 occur more often than would appear from the specimens described, of which the potato is the best 

 exami)le. At a first glance some grains seem to belong to this type, while in reality they are flattened 

 grains belonging to type 8. 



Saururus cernuus Linn. (Piperacece.) Root-stock. — According to Leon Soubeiran (Journ. Pharm., 

 1854, XXV, 100) the grains are rounded or oval; size 10 to 40m; the majority with distinct 

 centric lamelke and a hilum. The drawing by Soubeiran represents the hilum as being 

 very eccentric, and situated at the narrower end, so that the grains apparently belong 

 to this type. 



Ipomoea purga Schlecht. Jalap. {Convolvulaceoe.) Dry tubers. — Grains spherical or egg-shaped; 

 three-fourths to as long as broad; 4 to 7 lamella', rarelj' distinct; frequently with single radial 

 fissures in the interior; eccentricity of hilum usually one-fourth to one-seventh. Size about 

 35^. According to Leon Soubeiran (Journ. Pharm., 1854, xxv), the starch-grains in the root 

 of Batatas jalappa Choisy are 30 to 70 and 80^ in size; many are somewliat round or oval; 

 some indistinctly triangular; others elliptical, but at the distal end cut off at right angles to 

 the longitudinal axis; with distinct lamella and eccentric hilum; in place of the hilum radiat- 

 ing fissures are frequently found. Niigeli queries: Can this be understood as a true jalap? 



Solarium tuberosum Linn. (Solanacece.) Fresh arid dry tubers. — Grains more or less egg-shaped, 

 sometimes irregular, usually two-thirds to four-fifths as wide as long; lamellae distinct, the 

 majority of them complete; hilum, as a rule, at the narrow end, occasionally at the broad 

 end and one-fourth to one-sixth eccentric; dry starch — usually with a small cavity in the 

 central lamellae, and occasionally a few very short fissures, usually in the direction of the 

 longitudinal axis. Length 70 to 90^. According to Payen, the grains in the large Rohan 

 potato attain a length of 185^, and in some other kinds of potatoes 140/x. Among them are 

 semi-compound grains comprising 2, rarely 4, part-grains, and also compouiid grains of 

 2 to 3 part-grains. 



Niphcea oblonga Lindl; Aehimenes alba Hort. (Gesneracece.) Dry scales from the root-stocks. — Grains 

 oval to lanceolate; in transverse section usually almost circular; with numerous, delicate 

 lamella;, of which only a few of the innermost are complete; hilum at the smaller end, one- 

 fifth to one-twelfth eccentric; the end opposite the hilum is occasionally broadened into a 

 somewhat compressed knife-like edge. Length 36//- 



Dicentra formo.sa Walp; Diclylra formosa DC. {Fumariacea:.) Dry root-slocks. — Grains oval, jiear- 

 shaped, 3 to 4 angles; usually more or less irregular; half to as l)road as long; the broader 

 ones slightly compressed; lamelke very fine or invisible; hilum at the thin end, about one- 

 eighth eccentric; in place of the hilum there is usually a small cavity from which several 

 fissures radiate, forming a funnel-like groove. Length about 2(jm, breadth 20/i. Some grains 

 are obtusely triamgular, inasmuch as one angle is formed by an outer system of lamella;. 

 Length 20^, breadth 20yu. 



