222 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



end flattened, angular, and squared. Hilum usually toward the narrow, thick end. As a rule, only 

 a few of tlie innermost lamellae are comijlete; all the outer ones appearing incomplete. On drying, 

 the grain usually develops a cleft, coinciding with its great<^st jilane, which is visible from the narrow 

 aspc^ct. From the liroad asjiect several fissures are seen radiating from the hilum chiefly toward 

 the distal margin; instead of the latter, one longitudinal or one transverse slit, or both combined, 

 occasionally are observed. Piu-e types of the grain rarely occur, they are usually found mingled 

 with others, mostly with the cone-shaped type (type 7), less frequently with the rod-shaped tjTJe 

 (type 9), and the inverted cone-shaped tj-pe (type 6). 



Erythronium dens-canis Linn. (Liliacece.) Dry bulb scales. — Grains wedge-shaped from the broad 

 aspect, rounded circumference, 0.6 to 1.5 times as broad as long; cone-shaped from the narrow 

 aspect; hilum end is thickened, often somewhat protruding, the distal end is usually curved; 

 lamellse none, or very delicate; instead of the hihnn a small cavity may be observed from 

 which several delicate fissures emerge; eccentricity about one-ninth. Length about 34^i. 



Tulipa gesneriana Linn. (Liliacem.) Fresh bulb scales. — Grains rounded, cuneiform, almost as broad 

 as long; lamellffi and hilum about three-fifths as thick as broad, and are rarely distinct; eccen- 

 tricitj' about one-ninth. Length about 30//, width about 27/i. According to Raspail the 

 size may reach 50;u. 



Ttdipa sylvestris Linn. {Liliacece.) Fresh bulb scales. — Grains rounded-triangulai- or oval-cunei- 

 form, and oval from the narrow aspect, elongated-conical, usually one-half to two-thirds as 

 broad as long; compressed to about one-fourth or more of their width, hihnn end often some- 

 what protruding and thickened, lamellse and hilum delicate or indistinct, eccentricit}' about 

 one-tenth. Lenglh about 50/x. The smaller grains are usually oblong, and formed like little 

 oval rods. 



Friiillaria mclcngris Linn. (Liliacece.) Scales of dry bulbs. — Grains oval or rounded-triangular, 

 occasionally somewhat protruding at the hilum end; the broader ones compressed to about 

 one-half; the distal end of equal thickness or somewhat thicker than the hilum end; lamellae 

 delicate; occasionally a cavity, rarely vnth several short very delicate radial fissures, is found 

 instead of the hilum; eccentricity about one-sixth. Length 21/i. 



Lilium candidum Linn. Bidbes dc Lis. (Liliacea;.) Bulbs. — According to Payen (Ann. Sc. Nat., 

 1838, II, p. 17; pi. 4, fig. 5), the grains are oval, or oval-triangular; almost twice as long as 

 broad; lamella? delicate; hilum, which is sometimes double, at the naiTow end; eccentricity 

 about one-tenth. Length about 115ju. The fully developed grains are irregular and often 

 rough, with fissures radiating from the hiliun. 



Lilium bulbifcrum Limi. {Lilidccce.) Bulbs. — According to Schleiden (Gruudzuge, 3d ed., auf. 183, 

 fig. 7), the gi-ains are mussel-shell-shaped and broader than long; from the small aspect they 

 are oval; lamellae and hilum distinct; eccentricity one-fifth to one-sixth. 



Mxiscari botryoides Mill. (Liliacea;.) Scales of dry bulbs. — Grains rounded, mostly with triangular, 

 rarely rhomboid or irregular, outlines; 0.75 to 1.33 as broad as long; compressed, and from the 

 narrow aspect, conical in form; thinner toward the distal end, or at times of eciual thickness; 

 lamellae usually distinct, but delicate; sometimes a small ca\'ity instead of a hilum; eccentric- 

 ity about one-sixth; from the narrow aspect, a longitudinal slit is usually present. Length 

 about 30^1. 



Hyacinthus orientalis Linn. (Liliacea;.) Scales of fresh bulbs. — Grains oval, cimeiform, triangular, 

 more or less irregular, frequently ^\'ith protruding angles; the distal end, which is thinned 

 and squared, is as l)road as, or broader, than the hilum end; lamelte more or less distinct; 

 hihmi at the thicker end; eccentricity aliout one-fifth. Length about 45;u. Some semi- 

 compound (see type 11) and compound grains arranged in 1 to 2 rows (see type 13). Simple 

 grains were almost exclusively found by Payen (Ann. Sc. Nat., 1858, ii, p. 22). 



Seilla autumnalis Linn. (Liliacea;.) Scales of dry bulbs. — Grains rounded, oval, and triangular; 

 instead of the hilum a small cavity with single short fissures may frequently be observed at 

 the thicker end; about one-fourth eccentric. Length about 24/i. These are transition forms 

 to the cone-shape (type 7). 



Dioscorea batatas Desne. (Dioscoreacea;.) Fresh tubers. — Grains rounded, rounded pear-shaped, usu- 

 allj- with 3 to 4 and 5 rounded angles, frequentlj' somewhat irregular; 0.5 to 1.5 times as broad 

 as long; compressed to about one-half to one-third of their width; from the narrow aspect 



