242 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



Dictamnus albus Linn. (Rutacece.) Dry root. — Grains rounded or angular. Size aliout 8fi. Many 

 of them apparently separated-grains. Whole compound grains an.: seldom observed, and 

 when present they consist of 2 to 8 almost equal components. Poor in starch. 



Guaiacum officinale Linn. ; Cortex guaiaci. (Zygophyllacece.) Dry bark. — Grains rounded, triangular 

 with rounded angles, conical or elongated-oval, occasionally somewhat irregular; many with 

 a small central cavity. Size about lO/i. Poor in starch. 



Myriophyllum verlicillatum Linn. (Haloragacece.) Base of dry rooted stems. — Grains spherical or 

 rounded-oval; the larger ones with a cavity. Size about lOyu. Among these, compound 

 grains of few, nearly equal components are observed (see type 15). 



Trapa natans Linn. {Onagracece.) Dry rooted stolons. — Grains rounded or rounded-oval; the larger 

 ones slightly compressed with a longitudinal slit from the narrow aspect. Size about 12yu. 

 The starch resembles the eccentric-lenticular type. Doublets and triplets are also present. 



Punica granatum Linn. ; Cortex radicis granati. {Lythracew.) Dry cortex of the roots. — Grains rounded 

 to elongated-oval, sometimes triangular and often slightly irregular. Size about 9yu. Poor 

 in starch. 



Potentilla tormentilla Linn. ; Tormentilla erecta Linn. ; Radix tormentillce. (Rosacece.) Dry root-stock. — 

 Grains rounded to oblong, frequently triangular with rounded angles, usually irregular; 

 more or less compressed; from the narrow aspect a longitudinal sUt is observed; occasionallj' 

 somewhat thickened on the convex border, and thinned and squared on the opposite one. 

 Size about 17/x. The grains seem to be affected by slight heat; from the broad as well as 

 from the narrow aspect the margin is frequently bent with knob-like protuberances. The 

 cells are packed with starch. 



Spircea filipendula Linn. (Rosacea:.) Dry root-stock. — Grains rounded-triangular, oval, conical, 

 spindle-shaped; often more or less irregular; some with a cavity. Size about 12fi. Also com- 

 pound grains of few equal or unequal components are observed. (See type 15.) 



Ononis spinosa; Radix ononidis. (Leguminosoe.) Dry root. — Grains rounded, often somewhat angular, 

 rarely oval; many with a smaller or somewhat larger central cavity. Size 7;u. Also compound 

 grains of few components are observed. Some of the apparently simple ones may be sepa- 

 rated-grains. 



Trifolium alpinum Linn. (Leguminosm.) Dry root-stock. — Grains rounded to oblong, conical, and 

 elongated spindle-shaped; three or more times as long as thick. Length about lOfi. 



Trifolium montanuni Linn. (Leguniinosa;.) Dry root-stock. — Grains oval, conical, spindle-shaped; 

 frequently linear. Four or more times as long as thick. Length 11/;^. 



Trifolium hadium Schreb. {Leguminosce.) Dry root-stock. — Grains rounded, oval, conical; about twice 

 as long as broad; the broad ones compressed, some with a small cavity. Ijongth about lO/x. 

 Doublets and triplets are also observed. All three s])ocies of Trifolium are poor in starch. 



Glycyrrhiza. (Leguminosce.) Dry root. — Grains usually spherical; sometimes elongated oval, or 

 ovate-conical, frequently irregular; a few grains have a small central cavity. Size about 10/i. 

 Also some compound grains of 2 to 4 components, and some separated-grains are observed. 

 Starch is found in the pith, cortex, and wood. 



Phaca alpina Jacq. (Papilionacece.) Dry root. — Grains rounded to oval. Size about 7ix. Some 

 compound grains of 2 to 4 components are also observed. Size 9/i. Poor in starch. 



Astragalus incanus Linn. (Leguminosce.) Dry root-stock. — Grains rounded or oval. Size about 13m. 

 Also compound grains of few mostly equal components are observed (see type 14). Not 

 much stai'ch in the pith cells, the walls of which are very thick, lamellate, and gelatinous. 



Chara. (Chnracece.) — The spores contain two kinds of grains: (1) large ones rounded and com- 

 pressed (see type 2) ; (2) smaller grains without lamellae or hilum. In shape the latter cor- 

 respond to the starch-grains in the seeds of Leguminosce and thus seem to approach tj-pe 3. 

 They differ, however, in being thinned and knife-like at the concave border. This is always 

 observed in grains at a certain stage of growth, and may later more or less completely dis- 

 appear. Nageli regards the large and small grains as being distinct, inasmuch as when viewed 

 on end the former are always spindle-shaped or elUptical, never conical or pear-shaped. A 

 small gas-bubble is noted in many of the small, usually homogeneous grains, after they have 

 been subjected to dry heat (210° C.) and examined in alcohol. This bubble indicates the 

 position of the hilum, and corresponds to the middle of the curved slit which before treatment 

 was visible. Eccentricity amounts therefore from one-half to one-third and slightly over. 



