248 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



Lilium bulbifcrum Linn. {Lilkicetv.) Fresh endosperm or unripe seeds. — Grains rounded, rounded- 

 triangular, oval, elliptieal, shortened-conical; two-thirds (rarely one-half) to as broad as 

 long. Length about 10m, w'idth 7//. Starch quite plentiful, little oil, and much protoplasm 

 are found in the thick-walled cells. 



Sparganium 7iatans Limi. {Tijphacece.) Dry seed endosperm.— Grains rounded, oval-elliptical, short- 

 ened-conical, frequently somewhat irregular; three-fifths to as broad as long, the broad ones 

 slightly compressed, many with a cavity. Size 7 to 8ji. Among the above are some doublets 

 and triplets with parts almost equal. 



Quercu^ pedunculuia Willd. (Cupidiferoe.) Dry cotyledons. — Grains rounded or oval, sometimes 

 irregiilarly angular with blunt angles; frequently slightly compressed; two-thirds to three- 

 fourths as thick as broad; the hilum and very delicate lamellse aj-e rarely distinct; eccentricity 

 about one-fourth. Size about 29m. Compound grains of few mostly unequal components. 

 (Type 15.) 



Quercus cerris Linn. {Cupuliferce.) Dry cotyledons. — Grains rounded, oval, shortened-conical, fre- 

 quently more or less irregular; lamellae indistinct; instead of the hilum a small ca\aty toward 

 the thicker end is frequently observed; eccentricitj' usually one-half, rarely one-third and 

 one-fourth; frequently one or two slits with delicate, radiating fissures are found. Size about 

 26m. Isolated compound grains of few components also observed. 



Quercfos ilidfolia Wangh. {Cupuliferce.) Dry cotyledons. — Grains as in both of the preceding species; 

 the greatest nxunber are oval. Size 17 to 18m. 



Castanea vesca Gart. (Cupuliferce.) Fresh and dry cotyledons. — Grains rounded, triangular and 

 quadrangular with rounded angles, oval, shortened-conical, frequently irregular; half to as 

 broad as long; the broad ones slightly compressed; lamellse are invisible, or very delicate; 

 hilum in the fresh grains frequently indistinct. After desiccation, instead of the hilmn, 

 either a small cavity or occasionally a delicate triangular slit is observed, which is either 

 central or toward the thicker margin. Size about 20m, rai-elj' 27m. IMany gi-ains are trian- 

 gular, thickened at the end in which the hilum is located, and thinned and squared at the 

 opposite end. These belong to the cuneiform tj^De (type 8). Among the above are some 

 semi-compound grains, also some doublets and triplets, the components of which are usually 

 unequal. Size of the separated-grains is about 10m. 



Fagus sylvatica Linn. var. pendula. {Cupuliferce.) Dry cotyledons. — Grains spherical, the larger 

 ones occasionally somewhat irregular; manj' have a small central cavity. Size about 6m. 



Forestiera acuminata Poir.; Borya acuminata Willd. {Oleacece.) Dry cotyledons. — Grains roimded 

 or oval, frequently angular or irregular. Size about 7m. Rather rich in starch, besides much 

 oil. Only oil is found in the endosperm. 



Cinnamomum ceylanicum Nees. {Lauracece.) Dry seed endosperm. — Grains spherical to oval with 

 single radial fissures. Size 15 to 18m. Also some compound grains of 2 to -4 equal compo- 

 nents are observed. Oil and starch appear to be present in equal quantities. 



Apollonias canariensis Nees. {Lauracece.) Dry cotyledons. — Grains rounded, conical, oblong and 

 elongated spindle-shaped, frequently somewhat irregular. Size about 7m. 



Agathophyllum aromaticuni Willd. {Lauracece.) Dry cotyledons. — Grains spherical, rarelj- somewhat 

 angular, frequently with a small central cavity. Size about 13m. Some compound grains of 

 2 to 4 equal components are also present. 



Hernandia sp. {Lauracece.) Dry cotyledons. — Grains rounded or angular. Size about 5m, rarely 

 more. Some starch and much oil; seeds probably not entirely ripe. 



Plumbaginacece. Seed endosperm. — The starch-grains (onlj- those in ripe, dry seeds were examined) 

 entirely fill the cells. They are rarelj' rounded, usually either bluntly angular, or more often 

 polyhedral -with sharp edges and angles, thus completely resembling separated-gi-ains. No 

 compound grains were noticed even ^\-ithin cells, so that in all probability they are all simple 

 and have become flattened as result of pressm-e; even the small ones (2m) sometimes show 

 an angular structiu-e. In all likelihood the grains belong to the centric-spherical or oval 

 type. 



Armeria fonnosa Hort. {Pluntbaginacece.) Dry seed endosperm. — Grains polyhedral, usually with 

 sharp edges and angles, frequently irregular; two-fifths to as broad as long; frequentlj- with 

 a rounded or oblong cavity from which sometimes radial fissures emerge. Size 15 to ISm- 



