262 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY' OF STARCHES. 



Triumfetla schirnperi Hochst. (TiliacecB.) Dry root. — Compound grains rounded or oval; consist- 

 ing of 2 to 4 and 8 equal or unequal components, the majority fallen apart. Size about 15ju. 

 Separated-graius, size 3 to d/i; the larger ones have a small cavity or a slit. Also some simple 

 rounded grains are present. 



Canella alba Murray; Cortex catiellw albce interior. (jOanellacem.) Dry cortex. — Compound grainsof 

 2 to 4 and 5 mostly equal components. Size about 9ju. Size of separated-grains 6/x; also 

 almost rounded simple gi-ains, size 7m, are observed. 



Hypericum elodes Linn. {Hypericacece.) Di-y creeping root-stock. — Compound grains almost round 

 or oval, consisting of 2 to 4 and 6 equal or imcqual components. Size about 19yu. Separated- 

 graius, size 3 to 13m; most of them have a small cavity or a delicate cleft from which solitary 

 short delicate fissures may radiate. Simple grains of incomplete formation are also found. 



Byrsonima crasmfolia DC. (Malpighiacece.) Cort£x. — Compound grains of 2 to 4 almost equal 

 components. Size about 25^. Separated-grains, size about 13/i; homogeneous, almost solid. 

 Simple eccentric grains of incomplete formation are also observed. 



Krameria triandra R. P.; Ratanhianmrzel krameriecE. (Polygalacew.) Dry roots. — Compound grains 

 of 2 to 4, rarely 6, almost equal components which are regularly arranged; rarely small com- 

 ponents adhere to a large one either upon one side or upon the two opposite sides, elongated 

 cm-ved doublets are mostly found. Size about 35yu. Separated-grains rounded to oval; 

 occasionally slightly compressed; usually homogeneous; rarely with indistinct lamellae; 

 usually solid ; rarely, instead of the hilum, a small ca\'ity is located at the narrow arched end, 

 about one-foiu-th eccentric, from which short radial fissures occasionally proceed. Simple 

 eccentrically elongated grains are also found. 



Manihot utilissima Pohl.; Jatropha manihot Linn. (Euphorbiaceoe.) Tapioca, cassava starch, Brazilian 

 arrowroot. From the root. — Separated-gi-ains semi-spherical to oval, occasionally 3 to 4, 

 more rarely 5, angles with one curved surface and 1 to 5 and 7 pressiu-e facets; the larger 

 ones have one or several delicate lamellae ; instead of the hilum, usually a small cavity about 

 one-half eccentric is observed, frequently with single, short, radial fissures. Size 2.5 to 25//. 

 Compound grains have all disappeared; they evidently consisted of 2 to 8 partly equal or 

 partly unequal components (several small components adhere to a single large one). Among 

 the starch-grains above described are mingled simple grains which are oval, strongly com- 

 pressed, and have delicate lamellae and eccentric hilum. Size 50 and 60/i. These resemble 

 the grains of Curcuma zedoaria. They probably belong to Curcuma starch {Tikmehl). 

 Other species of tapioca which are somewhat changed by means of heat: Separated-gTains, size 

 17 to 50m; lamellae rarely distinct; with a central or slightly eccentric, often large, cavity, 

 from which two fissures pass out and embrace a conical substance or a dense, almost round, 

 granule within the cavity. Onlj- a few compoimd grains of 2 to 4 almost equal components 

 are still present. Also a few simple grains, spherical or oval-spherical, with concentric 

 lamellae, or with a central cavity, are observed. 



Pachysandra procumhens Michx. {Euphorhiacece.) Dry root-stock. — Compound grains of 2 to 4 

 almost equal components. Separated-grains, size 3 to 11^; the larger ones have a small 

 cavity. Some simple grains, spherical and roimded-oval, size about 12^. This specimen 

 is poor in starch. 



Epilobium hirsutum Limi. {Onagracece.) Dry stolons. — Compomid grains of 2 to 4 and G components 

 which are frequently equal. Size about 21^. Separated-grains, size 4 to IS/x; instead of the 

 hilimi, a small central or about one-half eccentric cavity is observed, from which delicate 

 fissures radiate to the corners. 



Myriophyllum verticillatum Linn. (Haloragacece.) Base of dry rooted stems. — Compound grains of 

 2 to 4 almost equal components; size about 15^. Separated-grains, size 4 to 9m; mostly ^\ath 

 a cavity. Also simple grains of incomplete formation are observed. 



Pyriis 7nalus Liim. (Rosacece.) Fresh pxdp of the fruit. — Compoimd grains of 2 to 4 usually equal 

 components. Size about IGm- Components with indistinct, small, almost central hiluni. 

 Size 4 to Hm- Also a few simple spherical grains are present. 



Comarum palustre Linn. (Rosacece.) Dry root-stock. — Comjiound grains of 2 to 4 and 6 components 

 which are usually almost equal. Size about IOm- Separated-grains, size 2 to 6m; the larger 

 ones generally have a small cavity. Also simple grains, spherical or rounded-oval, are ob- 

 served; size about 8m. 



