270 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



(Idlanlhits nivalis Linn. (Amaryllidacece.) Fresh bulb. — Compound grains consisting mostly of 1 

 large and 1 to 8 small components. Size of the former about 2.5//, of the latter 2 to 5fi. Simple 

 eccentric-cuneiform grains are also observed. Small components (part-grains) are cut off 

 from the angles and the distal margin of these cuneiform grains; these components when 

 very ninncrous usually form one or two transverse rows; very rarely do they show an irregu- 

 lar arrangement. 



Carina lagimensis Lindl.; Camia peduncidata Sims; Canna sp.; Carina warszewiczii. (Cannacece.) 

 Fresh root-stock. — Compound grains consisting of one large and several (2 to 10) small com- 

 ponents. The latter are usuallj^ cut away from the distal end, rarely from the lateral surfaces. 

 Length of the large component about 117//, width about 75^. Diameter of the small compo- 

 nent 3 to 5yu. Simple eccentrically compressed grains are also found. 



Armn maculatinn Linn. (Aroideo!.) Fresh root-stock. — Compound grains round or oval, usually 

 obtuse-angular and irregular; consisting of 2 to 10 components which are sometimes equal 

 but usually unequal, and often irregularly arranged. Size about 2.3/i. Separated-grains 

 with one curved surface and several pressure facets, usually with sharp corners; lamellce none; 

 rarely with a distinct hilum, size of the more polyhedral separated-grains about Q/x, and of 

 the semi-spherical or oval ones about 15yu. A few simple spherical grains are also present. 



Armn ternatum Thumb. {Aroidecc.) Fresh root-stock. — Compound grains consisting of 2 to 10 com- 

 ponents which are mostly unequal, and often irregularly arranged. Separated-grains usually 

 \\'ithout lamellae, though occasionally a few delicate ones are present; hilum is generally visible 

 and often with 2 to 3 short, radial fissures. Size of the separated-grains 5 to 24,u. Also a few 

 simple spherical grains are found. 



Tijpha minima Hoppe. {Typhacea:.) Dry root-slock. — Compound grains consisting of 2 to 12 and 20 com- 

 ponents which are occasionally equal, though more frequently unequal. Size about 15/i. Size of 

 the separated-grains 1.6 to Sjx. Isolated simple round grains are also present; size about 9yu. 



Sagus rumphii Willd. {Palmacc(c) and other palms. Sago from the pith of the stem. — According to 

 Schleiden (Gnmdzuge, 3 Aufl., i, 186), the grains are compound by means of several small 

 ones adhering to one large one. 

 The sago flour which has not been changed by heat consists principally of separated-grains; length 

 6.5/1, width about 50m ; about 0.66 to 2..5 times as long as broad; the narrow ones terete, the 

 wider ones slightly compressed; instead of the hilum, a small cavity is oliserved, mostly \vith a 

 cross-fissure, occasionally with radial fissures; aliout one-fourth to one-sixth eccentric; lamellae 

 numerous, but delicate and indistinct. The larger separated-grains have 1 to 3 pressure facets 

 at the distal end, since these small comjionents have been cut off at this end. Only a few com- 

 pound grains are present; they consist of 1 large and 1 to 3 small components. A few simple 

 grains also occur, resembling the larger separated-grains but without pressure facets; length 

 about 70/1, width about 55/:; rounded, conical, oblong, or triangular, broader at the distal end; 

 two-thirds to almost 3 times as long as broad; the broader ones slightly compressed; from the 

 narrow longitudinal aspect they are sometimes thicker, sometimes thinner, towards the distal 

 end. All eccentric forms are represented among the simple and the separated-grains, namely, the 

 inverted-conical, the conical, and the flattened forms ; but generally they are without pronounced 

 featm-es; the greatest number, however, belong to the eccentric rod-shaped type (type 9). 



Pcperomia monostachya R. P. (Piperacece.) Dry root-stock. — Grains compound, of 2, 3, rarely 4, 

 mostly unequal components. Size about 21/i. Separated-grains, size 5 to 15/t; the larger 

 ones have a small central cavity from which several radial fissures proceed. 



Polygonum aviculare Linn. (Polygonacew.) Dry root. — Compound grains consisting of 2 to 4 and 6 

 components which are occasionally equal, more frequently unequal, most of which have 

 fallen apart. Size 10 to 13/i. Size of the separated-grains about 7/i; usiially with a small or 

 large cavity. Also simple grains of incomplete formation are present. 



Pohjgommi convolvulus Linn. (Polygonacece.) Dry root. — Compound grains consisting of two to 

 four components of different sizes. Size about U/i. Separated-grains, size about 6/i. Also 

 simple grains of incomplete formation are present. 



Rumex acetosa Linn. {Polygonacew.) Dry root-stock. — Compound grains round to elongated-oval 

 and conical, consisting of 2 to 4, rarely 6, components which are occasionally equal, though 

 more frequently unequal. Size about 12//. Separated-grains, size 2 to 8//; the larger ones 

 have a cavity. Simple grains of incomplete formation are also observed. 



