274 DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF STARCHES. 



only sojiiiraicd-grains .are found since the compound grains liad fallen apart already within tlie cells 

 or during the preparation. In such cases some doubt may exist as to whether the polyhedral forms 

 are simple grains changed by ]iressure, or whether they are separated-grains. Such cases must be 

 decidc-d by the life-history, or if that is lacking, by their analogy to related genera and species. 

 Good examples may be found in the seeds of Chawpodiacece, Amarantaceoz, and CaryophyllacecE. 



Arundo donax Linn. (Graminacece.) Fresh root-stock. — Compound grains rounded, granular, con- 

 taining about 200 components; size 11^. Separated-grains rounded or rounded-angular, 

 rarely polyhedral; the larger ones have a small central cavity; size 0.7 to 6/x. 



Crocus vernus All. (Iridacem.) Fresh bulbs. — Compound grains spherical, elongated-oval, consist- 

 ing of 2 to 20 equal components; size about 20^. Separated-grains usually polyhedral with 

 acute angles; without lamellie or hilum; size 2 to 9/u. 



Cypripednim calceolns Linn. {Orchidacccc.) Dry root-stock. — Compound grains spherical or oval, 

 consisting of 10 to 20 and 40 components; size about lOfi. Separated-grains, size L5 to f)n] 

 usually rounded-angular, compressed to about one-half their width. 



Dorstenia brasilieiisis hinn.; Radix contrajervce. (Artocarpacece.) Dry root-stock. — Compoimd grains 

 spherical or oval-spherical, consisting of 2 to about 50 equal components; size about 14ju. 

 Separated-grains, size 2.5 to 6 and 7ju ; rounded-angular or poljdiedral ; the larger ones have a 

 small central cavity. Simple grains of incomplete formation are also present. 



Dorstenia contrajerva Linn. {Artocarpacece.) Dry root-stock. — Compoimd grains spherical or oval, 

 consisting of 2 to 40 and 60 equal or unequal components; size about 12 to Myu. Sejjarated- 

 grains; size 1.8 to 7fi; rounded-angidar or polyhedral; the larger ones hollow. Simple spher- 

 ical grains are also found. 



Chiococca racemosa Linn. {Caincaroot). (Rubiacca;.) Dry root-stock. — Compound grains roxmded to 

 sometimes rather irregular, granular or reticulate, consisting of about 70 components; size 

 about 18/1. Separated-grains size 2 to 6m; rounded or polyhedral; the larger ones hollow. 

 Isolated compound grains have an appearance similar to a delicate parenchyma, which is 

 due to the fusing of the components and the cavities being separated from one another by 

 homogeneous walls, similar to the starch-grains found in type 12. 



Chrysophyllum glycyphloeum Casar.; Cortex monesice. (Sapotacece.) Dry bark. — Compound grains 

 spherical or oval, consisting of 2 to about 60 components; size about 10/i. Size of the sepa- 

 rated grains 2 to 5/u (not easily separated). Sim]ile spherical or oval grains are also present. 



Podophyllum peltatum Linn. {Berbcridacecc.) Dry root-stock. — Compound grains reticulated or 

 merely granular, consisting of 3 to 20 and more components; size about 10/i. Separated- 

 grains, size 2 to 4/j; rounded-angular. Simple grains of incomplete formation also present. 

 It is difficult to decide whether many of the grains are simple or separated grains. 



Epimcdium alpiuum Limi. {Berberidacea\) Dry root-stock. — Compound grains spherical or oval, 

 sometimes slightly angular and irregular, reticulated or granular, consisting of 3 to 500 ami 

 more components; size about 15^. Separated-grains size 1.5 to 7ix; the smaller ones rounded, 

 larger ones polyhedral. 



Epimedi^mi niacranthum Lindl. (BerberidacecB.) Dry root-stock. — Compound grains spherical, oval, con- 

 ical, rarely somewhat angidar as a result of pressure, granular, consisting of 12 to more than 

 2000 components; size about 17^*. Separated-grains, size 1 to 2^; round or rounded-angular. 



Ayenia pusilla Linn. (Sterculiaceoe.) Dry roots. — Compound grains rounded or oval, consisting of 

 2 to about 40 usually equal components; size about 17/i. Separated-grains frequently have a 

 small cavity; size 2 to 8n. Starch not plentiful. 

 Tribulus terresiris Linn. {Ztygophyllacea.) Dry root. — Separated-grains, size 3 to 8^; almost poly- 

 hedral, sometimes with a small cavity. Only a few intact compound grains arc present, 

 consisting of 2 to 12 or more components, which are usually equal. Starch rather scarce. 



Oxalis stricta Linn. {Oxalidacece.) Dry tap-root. — Compound grains round or oval, consisting of 2 

 to 20 equal or unequal components; size about 15ai. Separated-grains, size 3 to 9;u; the 

 larger ones have a small cavity instead of a hilum, which is central or aljout one-half eccentric. 



Orobus tuberosMS Linn. (Lcguminosce.) Dry tubers of (he root-stock. — Compound grains round or 

 oval; consisting of 4 to 20 equal or unequal components; size about 13^. Separated-grains, 

 size 1.5 to 7/x; the larger ones have instead of a hilum a small central or about one-half 

 eccentric cavity. 



