436 



STARCHES OF CUPULIFER.E. 



Differentiation of Certain Starches of the Genus Castanea. — Continued. 



Histological Characteristics. — Ckintinued. 

 Hilum — Form, Number, and Position. — Continued. 



C. scUiva var. : Fonn same as in C. saliva var. numbo. 

 Position the same as in C. saliva var. numbo. 



C. pumila: Form same as in C. saliva var. numbo. Posi- 

 tion usually eccentric about 0.3 to 0.25 of the 

 longitudinal axis. 



Lamelke — General Characteristics and Number. 



C. americana: Rarely demonstrable, rather coarse com- 

 plete rings. Number not determined. 



C. saliva var. nmnbo: Same as in C. americana, except 

 more often demonstrable. 8 to 10 on the larger 

 grains. 



C. saliva var. : Same as in C. americana. 6 to 8 on the 

 larger grains. 



C. pumila: Same as in C. saliva var. numbo. 8 to 10 on 

 the larger grains. 



Size. 

 C. americana: From 3 to 16/u, commonly 9ii. 

 C. saliva var. numbo: From 3 to 30^, commonly I4ii. 

 C. saliva var.: From 4 to 22^1, commonly 12/t. 

 C. pumila: From 3 to 18^, commonly 16;i. 



PoLABiscopic Properties. 

 Figure. 



C. americana: Usually eccentric, not always distinct, in 

 some grains of bean type. 



C. saliva var. numbo: Same as in C. americana, but bean- 

 type figure more common. 



C. saliva var. : Same as in C. americana. 



C. pumila: Same as in C. saliva var. numbo. 



Degree of Polarizalion. 



C. americana: Fair to high. 



C. saliva var. nunAo: Fair to <^uite high, the proportion 



of grain in which polarization is high is greater 



than in C. americana. 

 C. saliva var. : Fair to high, higher on the whole than in 



C. americana. 

 C. pumila: Fair to high, the proportion of grains in 



which polarization is high is lower in C. americana. 



Polarizalion with Selenite — Quadrants and Colors. 



C. americana: Quadrants fairly well-defined, usually un- 

 equal in size, and irregular in shape. Colors fairly 

 pure. 



C. saliva var. numbo: Quadrants better defined and more 

 clear-cut than in C. americana; usually unequal 

 in size and often irregular in shape. Colors 

 commonly pure. 



C. saliva var. : Quadrants same as in C americana. Colors 

 fairly pure. 



C. pumila: Quadrants less well defined than in C. ameri- 

 cana, otherwise essentially the same. Colors less 

 pure than in C. americana. 



Iodine Reactions. 

 Intensity and Color. 



C. americana: Fairly deep: blue-violet. 



C. saliva var. numbo: Fairly deep, sam 

 cana; blue violet. 



C. saliva var. : Deep, deeper than in C. americana; blue- 

 violet. 



C. pumila: Fairly deep, slightly deeper than in C. ameri- 

 cana; blue-violet, more reddish than C. americana. 



•ly deep, same as in C. ameri- 



Staininq Reactions. 

 With Gentian Violet. 

 C. americana: Very light. 



C saliva var. numbo: Very light, same as in C. americana. 

 C. saliva var.: Very light, same as in C. americana. 

 C. pumila: Light, slightly deeper than in C. americana. 



With Safranin. 

 C. americana: Faint. 



C. saliva var. numbo: Faint, same as in C americana. 

 C. saliva var. : Faint, same as in C. americana. 

 C. pumila: Very light, slightly more than in C. americana. 



Temperature op Gelatinization. 



C. americana: 58.5 to 60° C, mean 57.25°. 

 C. saliva var. numbo: 59 to 61° C, mean 60°. 

 C. saliva var.: 60 to 62° C, mean 61°. 

 C. pumila: 59 to 60° C, mean 59.75°. 



Effects of Various Reagents. 



Reaction with Chloral Hydrate-Iodine. 



C. americana: Begins immediately; complete in practi- 

 cally all in 60 seconds. 



C. saliva var. numbo: Begins immediately; complete in 

 practically all in 45 seconds. 



C. sativa var.: Begins immediately; complete in all in 

 60 seconds. 



C. pumila: Begins immediately; complete in practically 

 all in 60 seconds. 



Reaction with Chromic Acid. 



C. americana: Begins immediately; complete in practi- 

 cally all in 10 seconds. 



C. sativa var. numbo: Begins immediately; complete in 

 practically all in 5 seconds. 



C. sativa va.T.: Begins immediately; complete in practi- 

 cally all in 10 seconds. 



C. pumila: Begins immediately; complete in all in 15 

 seconds. 



Reaction with Pyrogallic Acid. 

 C. americana: Begins immediately; complete in practically 



all in 10 seconds, and in all in 15 to 20 seconds. 

 C. saliva var. numbo: Begins immediately; complete in 



practically all in 10 seconds, and in all in 15 seconds. 

 C. saliva var.: Begins immediately; complete in most in 



15 seconds, and in all in 20 seconds. 

 C. pumila: Begins immediately; complete in all in 10 



seconds. 



Reaction with Ferric Chloride. 



C. americana: Begins in a few grains in 30 seconds; com- 

 plete in practically all in 5 minutes. 



C. saliva var. numbo: Begins in a few grains in 30 seconds; 

 complete in practically all in 5 minutes. 



C. sativa var. : Begins in a few in 30 seconds; complete 

 in practically all in 5 minutes. 



C. pumila: Begins in a few grains in 20 seconds; com- 

 plete in practically all in 4 minutes. 



Reaction with Purdy's Solution. 



C. americana: Begins immediately; complete in practi- 

 cally all in 3 minutes. 



C. sativa var. numbo: Begins immediately; complete in 

 practically all in 5 minutes. 



C. sativa var.: Begins immediately; complete in practi- 

 cally all in 2 minutes. 



C. pumila: Begins immediately; complete in practically 

 all in 1 minute. 



