474 STARCHES OF LILIACEiB. 



STARCHES OF LlLlACEyE. 



Class, Monocotyledones. Order, Liliales. Family, LiliacesD. Genera represented : Lilium, 

 Fritillaria, Calochortus, Tulipa, Scilla, Chionodoxa, Puschkinia, Ornithogalum, Ery- 

 thronium, Hyacinthus, Galtonia, Muscari, Brodisea, Triteleia, Lachenalia. 



The LdliaceoE include about 190 genera and 2,300 species, widely dispersed over the world; 

 many of the genera furnish some of the most admired of our cultivated flowers. Representatives 

 of 15 genera have been studied in this research. 



GENUS LIUUM. 



The genus Lilium is not only a member of a very large family, but is of itself very large as 

 regards both species and varieties, and comprises many of the best-known and most beautiful 

 garden plants. The liUes are native over almost all of the North Temperate Zone, and of Western 

 Asia, Japan, South China, and Burma. The genus has been divided into 6 subgenera, of which 

 number representatives of 4, including 16 specimens of species varieties, were studied, which are 

 classified as follows: 



Subgenus EvUrion: L. candidum Linn, L. longiflorum var. giganieum Hort., L. longiflorum 



var. eximium Nichol. (L. eximium Court, L. harrisii Carr.), L. parryi Wats., L. 



rubeUum Baker. 

 Subgenus Isolirion: L. phUadelphicum Linn. 

 Subgenus Archlirion: L. tigrinwn var. splendens Leicht., L. henryi Baker, L. auraium 



Lindl., L. speciosum var. album Hort. (L. landfolium var. album, L. proecox Hort.). 

 Subgenus Martagon: L. martagon Linn. (L. dalmaticum Vis.), L. superbum Linn.; L. tenui- 



folium Fisch; L. pardalinum Kellogg (L. califomicum Domb.); L. puberulum Duchr. 



(L. californicum Hort., L. humboldtii Roez and Ijcicht, L. bloomerianum Kell.). 



STARCH OF LILIUM CANDIDUM. (Plate 20, figs. 115 and 116. Chart 97.) 



Histological Characteristics. — In form the grains are simple and almost always isolated. There 

 are a few doublets and some of the grains have pressure facets. The surface of the grains is usually 

 regular, and such irregularities as may be found are generally in the form of low, rounded projec- 

 tions of varying size, at or to one side of the proximal end. Irregularities may also be due to a less 

 development of one side of the distal end than of the other, thus causing the grain to appear as 

 if a slanting portion at this end had been cut off. There is some variety in the shapes of the grains, 

 but not very marked. The conspicuous forms are the elongated ovoid, oval, elliptical with a some- 

 what flattened distal end, and triangular with rounded base and angles. There are, in addition, 

 ovoid, quadrangular with rounded angles, clam-shell-shaped, pyriform, bottle-shaped, and round 

 or nearly round. The small grains, of which there are comparatively few, are usually round or 

 nearly round. 



The hilum is a small, not very distinct, round, very eccentric spot. The range of eccentricity 

 in the larger grains is from one-fifth to one-ninth — the latter in many of the grains. The hilum is 

 often fissured, and the fissure is very short, narrow, clean-cut, and transverse, and has extending 

 outwards and downwards towards the distal end on each side a refractive line or fissure beneath 

 the surface of the grain. 



The lamellm are comparatively fine, fairly distinct ellipses, rings, or pseudo-quadrangles which are 

 continuous near the hilum and apparently discontinuous at the equatorial and distal portions of 

 the grain. They are usually regular, but sometimes show waviness and bending in some part of 

 their course. They are, as a rule, not so fine but more distinct near the equator and the distal 

 end than near the hilum, and there is often one especially large and distinct near the equator or 

 the distal end. There are about 34 to 35 lamellae on the larger grains. 



The grains vary in size from the smaller, which are 8 by Qn, to the largest elongated forms, 

 which are 56 by 36^ in length and breadth; the largest broadened forms are 70 by 76ai. The common 

 size is usually about 40 by 27ju. 



