GENUS LILIUM. 485 



in outline and irregular. Usually two or three very coarse and distinct ones are located at about 

 one-third the distance between the hilum and the distal end and there may be one or two additional 

 sets of lamelliB whose axes form angles with that of the main part of the grain. There are about 

 30 to 35 on the larger grains. 



The small grains vary in size from 6 by 6/x, to the larger elongated forms, which are 90 by 42/^ 

 in length and breadth. The common size of the elongated forms is 40 by 26/*, and of the broader 

 forms 40 by 35/j. 



Polariscopic Properties. — The figure is eccentric, distinct, usually not clear-cut. Its lines are 

 generally broad and not clearly defined in some parts of their length; often bisected, or even further 

 subdivided for at least a part of their length, and generally are also much bent and variable in width, 

 and may be placed at varying angles to one another. 



The degree of polarization is high, varying somewhat in different grains and in different aspects 

 of the same grain, highest when the grain is viewed from end or edge. It is commonly somewhat 

 higher than in the grains of L. candidum. 



With selenite the quadrants are not well defined, very irregular in shape, and unequal in size. 

 The colors not pure. 



Iodine Reactions. — ^With 0.25 per cent Lugol's solution the grains all color a deep reddish- 

 blue; with 0.125 per cent solution they color fairly deeply and the color deepens rapidly. It is not 

 quite so deep as that of the grains of L. candidum. After heating in water until all the grains are 

 completely gelatinized, the solution colors deeply and the swollen grains very deeply on the addi- 

 tion of iodine. After boiling for 2 minutes the solution colors very deeply, but most of the grain- 

 residues not at all or lightly. The capsules color a red-violet with an excess of iodine. 



Staining Reactions. — With gentian violet the grains begin to stain at once. After remaining in the 

 solution for 30 minutes they are fairly well stained. The color exceeds that of the grains of L. candidum. 



With safranin the grains begin to stain at once. After remaining in the solution for 30 minutes 

 the stain is rather light to fair and about the same as the grains of L. candidum. 



Temperature Reaction. — The temperature of gelatinization is 55.9° to 56.1° C, mean 56°. 



Effects of Various Reagents. — With chloral hydrate-iodine the grains begin to react at once. 

 A few are gelatinized in a minute, the majority in 8 minutes, and all in 15 minutes. Protuberances 

 usually first appear at the distal end in elongated forms, and at the corners limiting the distal margin 

 of the broadly triangular forms. Either a dark-colored ring or fisstire appears at the hilum at once. 

 The gelatinized grains are slightly more irregular in outline than those of L. candidum. The reaction 

 is qualitatively the same as in L. candidum. 



With chromic acid the grains begin to react at once and are completely dissolved in 40 seconds. 

 Bubbles are formed at the hilum. The reaction is qualitatively the same as in the grains of L. 

 candidum,. 



Reaction with pyrogallic acid begins at once. A few grains are gelatinized in 20 seconds and 

 all in a minute. Large bubbles are usually formed at the hilum. The reaction is qualitatively the 

 same as the grains of L. candidum. 



The reaction with ferric chloride begins in a minute. A few are gelatinized in 3 minutes, the 

 majority in 1 1 minutes, and all in 30 minutes. The flowing gelatinization movement begins usually at 

 the proximal end, but often starts simultaneously from both ends. In the broadly triangular and 

 shell-shaped grains the flowing movement begins almost simultaneously at the proximal end and 

 at the two corners of the distal margin. The reaction is qualitatively the same as that in the 

 grains of L. candidum. 



With Purdy's solution the grains begin to react immediately. Many are gelatinized in 15 sec- 

 onds and all in 20 seconds. Bubbles appear at the hilum, and the proximal end is invaginated, and 

 later swollen. The gelatinized grains are more rounded at the proximal end than most of those 

 of L. candidum. The reaction is qualitatively the same as in the grains of L. candidum. 



STARCH OF LILIUM AURATUM. (Plate 22, figs. 131 and 132. Chart 105.) 



Histological Characteristics. — Inform the grains are simple and are isolated, except a few doublets; 

 a few show poorly defined pressure facets. The surface of the grains is often irregular, due to un- 

 equal development and to mutual pressure of the grains during growth, resulting in more or less 

 angular depressions and elevations of the surface of the grain (especially at the sides and near 

 the distal end) and in long, thick, straight or curved, or rounded projections from the proximal 



