GENUS FRITILLARIA. 



509 



The grains begin to react with pyrogallic add at once. Many are gelatinized in 30 seconds 

 and all in 50 seconds. A very large bubble usually appears at the hilum, which breaks into smaller 

 bubbles towards the distal margin before entirely disappearing. One or two plume-like structures 

 are formed from the base of the swollen hilum, and as the interior of the grain passes into gelatiniza- 

 tion their pathway is often circuitous. The gelatinized grain usually has more remains of lamellae at 

 the proximal end than in F. meleagris, and they are thrown into folds similar to those at the distal 

 margin, where they are much puckered and nodular. Some of these gelatinized grains are convo- 

 luted. The proximal end is generally much elongated and pointed. The gelatinized grains are much 

 enlarged, the outline is undulating, and they do not retain much of the form of the untreated grain. 

 The reaction is qualitatively the same as in F. meleagris, but is somewhat slower and not quite so 

 complete, and the gelatinized grains are usually more irregular in outline. 



With ferric chloride a few grains begin to react at once and all are in various stages of the reac- 

 tion in a minute. A very few are gelatinized in 2 minutes, about one-fifth in 5 minutes, and prac- 

 tically all in 15 minutes; a few (possibly 1 in 100), are not wholly gelatinized in 20 minutes. The 

 behavior of these grains varies considerably. In some the dark, striated border becomes rather 

 broader than in F. meleagris, though not so broad as in F. imperialis var. aurora, and gelat- 

 inization begins at one point, while in others the striated border is narrower. In other forms 

 there is only a narrow, dark border around the margin, and gelatinization with distension of the 

 capsule begins simultaneously at several points. In some the wave of gelatinization begins flow- 

 ing at both ends and otherwise resembles that in F. meleagris. A dark bubble or transverse cleft 

 frequently appears, similar to that occasionally found in F. meleagris. The gelatinized grains are 

 more varied in shape and more irregular in outline than those of F. meleagris. 



Reaction with Purdy's solution begins at once. Most of the grains are gelatinized in 30 seconds 

 and all in 45 seconds. The reaction is qualitatively the same as in F. meleagris. 



Differentiation of Certain Starches of the Genus FritiUaria. 



HiSTOLOGicAi, Characteristics. 

 Conspicuous Forms. 



F. meleagris: Simple, with few aggregates and rare com- 

 pound grains, usually regular, small protuberances 

 and nipple-like projections. Elliptical, rod-shaped, 

 straight or bent, and irregular elliptical with broad- 

 ened distal end, triangular with curved base and 

 rounded angles, and pyriform. 



F. pyrenaica: Essentially the same as in F. meleagris, 

 but the conspicuous grains are pyriform to bottle- 

 shaped, ovoid. 



F. pudica: Essentially the same as in F. meleagris, but 

 the surface is generally irregular and the conspicu- 

 ous forms are irregularly broad and narrow 

 triangular with curved base and rounded angles, 

 pyriform, irregularly quadrilateral and elliptical. 



F. aurea: Essentially the same as in F. meleagris, but 

 the conspicuous forms are triangular with curved 

 base and rounded angles, pyriform, and elliptical. 



F. armena: Essentially the same as in F. meleagris, but 

 the conspicuous forms are broad and narrow tri- 

 angular with curved base and rounded angles, 

 elliptical and oval. 



F. impertalis var. aurora: Essentially the same as in 

 F. meleagris, but the surface is rarely irregular and 

 the conspicuous forms are broadly triangular with 

 curved base and rounded angles and clam-shell- 

 shaped, and a marked tendency to round forms. 



F. liliacea: Essentially the same as in F. meleagris, but 

 the conspicuous forms are broad and narrow 

 triangular with curved ba.se and rounded angles, 

 ovoid, quadrilateral with rounded angles, pyriform, 

 clam-shell-shaped, and elliptical. Knob-like pro- 

 trusion of proximal end is very conspicuous. 



F. recupa: Essentially the same as in F. meleagris, but 

 irregular, and the conspicuous forms are irregularly 

 elliptical with flattened or rounded distal end, 

 irregularly oval, and regularly or irregularly ovoid. 

 LamellatioQ quite peculiar and distinctive. 



Histological Characteristics. — Continued. 

 Hilum — Form, Number, and Position. 



F. meleagris: Form fairly distinct, fairly large, round spot or 

 cavity. Frequently fissured, fissure single, straight, 

 clean-cut, transverse, usually short. Position eccen- 

 tric 0.25 to 0.16, usually 0.20, of longitudinal axis. 



F. pyrenaica: Form indistinct, rather small round spot, 

 occasionally marked by a cavity or fissure. Fissure 

 short, narrow transverse line. Position eccentric 

 0.25 to 0.16, usually 0.20, of longitudinal axis. 



F. pudica: Form distinct, fairly small, round cavity, often 

 fissured, fissure single, straight, short, transverse 

 or a number of large irregular lines. 2 hila at times. 

 Position eccentric 0.25 to 0.16, usually 0.25, of 

 longitudinal axis. 



F. aurea: Form not very distinct, small roundspotorcavity. 

 Sometimes fissured, fissure single, long straight or 

 curved line. Sometimes 2 hila. Position eccen- 

 tric 0.33 to 0.20, usually 0.20, of longitudinal axis. 



F. armena: Form not very distinct, small round spot, 

 rarely a cavity, occasionally fissured, fissure single, 

 short, narrow, straight, transverse or longitudinal. 

 Position eccentric 0.25 to 0.16, usually 0.20, of 

 longitudinal axis. 



F. imperialis var. aurora: Form indistinct, small, round 

 spot. Often fissured, fissure short, narrow, or 

 broad longitudinal line or longitudinal and diagonal 

 lines. Position eccentric 0.25 to 0.20, usually 0.20, 

 of longitudinal axis. 



F. liliacea: Form not very distinct, small round spot or 

 cavity, sometimes fissured, fi.ssure single, short, 

 straight transverse line. Position eccentric 0.25 

 to 0.16, usually 0.20, of longitudinal axis. 



F. recurva: Form fairly distinct, small round or indis- 

 tinct spot. Sometimes marked by a cavity or 

 fissure. Fissure narrow, single, short transverse 

 line or several short ragged lines. Sometimes 2 or 

 more hila. Position eccentric 0.25 to 0.14, usually 

 0.20, of longitudinal axis. 



