512 



STARCHES OP LILIACE^. 



PS CI PA. CA 

 "" PCPS 



few of the grains may flare out in fan shape. Some of the grains show a tendency to the protrusion 

 of tlie proximal end that will be referred to in the notes on C. nitidus* Other forms are the pure 

 ovoid, ovoid approaching the spherical, quadrangular, some triangular, and some roughly lenticular 

 grains. The grains, except some of the broader forms, are not flattened. Some fan-shaped grains 

 show an inner core of lamellar structure, the rest being made up of amorphous material added later, 

 forming the fan-like extensions. 



The hilum is a fairly distinct, large, round cavity, and is eccentric one-fifth of the longitudi- 

 nal axis of the grain, in the narrower end, and usually in or neai- tlie median line. In a few 

 grains in which the longitudinal diameter is shorter than the transverse diameter the hilum is 

 very near the center of the grain. It is never multiple and seldom fissured; the fissure is small and 

 generally a clean-cut, transverse fine, which may show a double curve or is rarely somewhat ragged. 



The lameUce are regular, rather fine, and fairly dis- 

 tinct, and follow closely the marginal outline of the 

 primary part of the grain. Those about the hilum arc usu- 

 ally less distinct than those elsewhere. There are about 

 16 to 20 lamellae on the larger grains. 



The grains vary in size from 4 to 40^. The common 

 size is 28|(. 



Polariscojric Properties. — The figure is eccentric and 

 clear-cut and distinct, usually even at the margin. Its 

 lines are often somewhat broken up, bent, and otherwise 

 distorted by inequalities in the surface of the grain, and 

 they may be placed at varying angles to one another. 



The degree of polarization is high, but not quite so 

 high as in C. nitidus. It may be absent in certain regions 

 of the grain and varies in different grains and also in dif- 

 ferent positions of the same grain. 



With selenite the quadrants are clear-cut, often very 

 irregular in shape, and always unequal in size. The colors 

 are usually pure. 



Iodine Reactions. — Using 0.25 per cent Lugol's solu- 

 tion, the grains are colored very deeply; with 0.125 per cent solution the grains color lightly at 

 first, but the color deepens very quickly; slightly deeper than the shade assumed by the grains of 

 C. nitidus. After heating, the grains are all completely gelatinized; the solution is colored very 

 Hghtly and the grains very deeply on the addition of iodine. After boiling for 2 minutes the solu- 

 tion is colored much more deeply, but the grain-residues much less. Most of the grain-residues 

 consist of capsules which do not contain blue-reacting material or are disintegrated. If an excess of 

 iodine is added, the capsules are colored violet. 



Staining Reactions. — ^With gentian violet the grains begin to stain at once and after 30 minutes 

 are fairly but somewhat unevenly colored. The color is slightly deeper than that of the grains 

 of C. nitidus. 



With safranin the grains begin to stain at once and after 30 minutes are deeply and fairly 

 eveiJy stained. The color is slightly deeper than that assumed by the grains of C. nitidus. 



Temperature Reaction. — The temperature of gelatinization is 52° to 54° C, mean 53°. 



Effects of Various Reagents. — With chloral hydrate-iodine the reaction begins in 45 seconds and is 

 over in 6 minutes. The reaction is in all essential points identical with that of the grains of C. nitidus. 



The reaction with chromic acid begins at once and is over in 30 seconds. The reaction is the 

 same as that of the grains of C. nitidus. 



The reaction with pyrogaUic acid begins in 10 seconds and is over in 4 minutes. The reaction 

 is the same as that of the grains of G. nitidus. 



With ferric chloride the reaction begins in 30 seconds and is over in 6 minutes. It is the same 

 as that observed in the grains of C. nitidus. 



Reaction with Purdy's solution begins immediately and is over in 20 to 30 seconds. As far as 

 could be determined, this reaction is the same as that of the grains of C. nitidus. 



*C. nitidus (page 516) was studied before the other specimens were received, and since it belongs to group ii it is 

 out of its proper place at the head of the list as the standard of comparison. 



Curve of Reaction-Intensities of Starch of 

 CalochortUB albus. 



