528 



STARCHES OF liTLIACE^. 



ing for 2 minutes the solution colors very deeply and the grain-residues lightly or not at all. With 

 a slight excess of iodine the capsules all color a red-violet. 



Staining Reactions. — ^With gentian violet the grains begin to stain at once and in 30 minutes 

 are fairly colored, some more than others. The color is deeper than that of the grains of T. hageri. 



With safranin the grains begin to stain at once and in 30 minutes are lightly stained, one as 

 much as another. The stain is deeper than with the grains of T. hageri. 



Temperature Reaction. — The temperature of gelatinization is 49.6° to 51° C, mean 50.3°. 



Effects of Various Reagents. — With chloral hydrate-iodine reaction begins in most grains in 15 

 seconds. It is over in nearly all in 5 minutes and in all in 10 minutes. It is the same qualitatively 

 as with T. hageri. 



Reaction with chromic acid begins at once and is over in 30 seconds. It is the same qualitatively 

 as that of the grains of T. hageri. 



The reaction with pyrogaUic acid begins in a very few seconds, and is over in 45 seconds. It is 

 the same quahtatively as with T. hageri. 



The reaction with ferric chloride begins in a few grains in 15 seconds. It is over in nearly all 

 in 4 minutes and in all in 8 minutes. The reaction is the same qualitatively as with T. hageri. 



With Purdy's solviion reaction begins in a very few seconds and is over in 30 seconds. It is 

 the same qualitatively as with T. hageri. 



STARCH OF TULIPA BILLIETIANA. (Plate 32, figs. 187 and 188. Chart 132.) 



Histological Characteristics. — In form the grains are simple and they are isolated, except a few 

 small aggregates, usually in the form of doublets. No pressure facets are observed in the isolated 

 grains. The surface of most grains is regular. Grains with slight lateral protuberances and nipple- 

 like processes are more frequent than in T. hageri. There 

 is occasionally an extension at the proximal end which 

 rarely is finger-shaped and resembles T. prmcox and T. 

 australis. The conspicuous forms in the larger grains are 

 flattened pyriform, flask-shaped, broadly triangular with 

 curved base and rounded angles approaching both the 

 clam-shell shape and the pyriform. The small grains are 

 somewhat flattened elUptical, ovoid, pyriform, and round. 

 The grains are flattened when viewed on edge, and fre- 

 quently are narrower at the distal end. The grains are 

 more often irregular in outline than in T. hageri. 



The hilum is a small refractive spot with a range of 

 eccentricity from one-fifth to one-seventh, usually one- 

 sixth, of the longitudinal axis. A short transverse fissure 

 is often found at the hilum. 



Most of the lamelloe are fine and rather indistinct. 

 When apparent they form complete rings around the 

 hilum, and when near the sides and distal end have the 

 shape of the outline of the grain and are probably incom- 

 plete at these points. One or more coarse, refractive 

 lamellae are always located at varying distances from the hilum. In the flattened pyriform forms 

 one quite coarse, refractive lamella is usually situated at about two-thirds of the distance between 

 the hilum and the distal end. From this lamella to the distal margin the grain is marked by lamellae 

 coarser than those near the hilum. On the clam-shell-shaped grains groups of fine lamella,' are 

 interspersed with three or more coarse lamellae placed at varying distances from the hilum. Occa- 

 sionally from 44 to 48 lamellae may be counted. 



The size of the small, round forms is 6 by 6/i, the largest, elongated grains are 44 by 34/i in length 

 and breadth. The common size of the larger grains is 36 by 28/: in length and breadth. 



Polariscopic Properties. — The figure is usually eccentric. It is distinct and fairly clear-cut. 

 Its lines are generally straight, but expanded near the proximal and distal margins; occasionally 

 they are bent; and rarely bisected. The figure is the same as in T. hageri. 



The degree of polarization is fairly high. It varies somewhat in different grains and in the same 

 aspect of a given grain. There is less variation in the grains of this species than in those of T. hageri. 



Curve of Reaction-Intensities of Starch of Tulipa 

 billietiana. 



