854 STARCHES OF ANEMONACE^. 



grain-residues very lightly. With a slight excess of iodine, the grains show a red-violet capsule. 

 Some capsules still contain blue-reacting material. 



Staining Reactions. — With gentian violet the grains begin to stain at once. After 30 minutes 

 they are fairly stained, all very evenly, but the color is not much deeper that at first. 



With safranin the grains stain at once, but lightly. After 30 minutes they are evenly stained, 

 and but little more than at first. 



Temperature Reaction. — The temperature of gelatinization is 53° to 54° C, mean 53.5°. 



Effects of Various Reagents. — With chloral hydrate-iodine the reaction begins at once and all 

 the grains are darkened in a minute; they darken at both ends, or less often at one end, and swell out 

 evenly. This process extends around the margin on one side more rapidly than on the other, and 

 then inward over the interior; when the latter part is darkened the whole mass swells somewhat. 

 The gelatinized grains are fairly large, retain some of the original shape of the grain, and are uni- 

 formly dark. Later they show a light spot or spots that mark the swollen hilum or hila. 



Reaction with chromic acid begins at once and is over in 20 seconds. The reaction appears to 

 consist in the transformation of all the inner portion, attended by great general swelling, the grain 

 becoming converted into a large, thin-walled mass. This capsule rapidly dissolves, but it was not 

 possible to determine whether one part dissolved before the other. 



The reaction with pyrogaUic acid begins at once and is over in 3J^ minutes. The hilum or hila 

 swell. If there are hila, the starch between them is rapidly dissolved, the grain swells, and the more 

 resistant outer part of the grains becomes a fairly thick, homogeneous band, which grows thinner 

 and more transparent during the process of swelling. The gelatinized grains are large, somewhat 

 folded and creased, but retain much of the original shape. They may show two or three lobulations 

 corresponding to the number of hila in the original grain. 



The reaction with /emc chloride begins at once and is over in IJ^ minutes. The process begins 

 usually at both ends of the grain, with great swelling. From these points it moves inward until it 

 reaches the central part, which is now divided by a fissure corresponding to the fissure marking the 

 hilum. These two parts of the grain separate and are then split up into a number of smaller pieces, 

 which gelatinize independently. The gelatinized grain is large, lobulated, and irregular, but retains 

 some of the original form. 



With Purdy's solution the reaction begins at once and is over in most grains in a very few sec- 

 onds and in all in a minute. The reaction is the same as that with pyrogallic acid. 



STARCH OF ANEMONE FULGENS. (Plate 94, fig. 563. Chart 370.) 



Histological Characteristics. — In form the grains are simple; very rarely they occur in small 

 aggregates and they have well-defined pressure facets. They often occur in large clumps, which 

 are very easily broken up. The surface is sometimes irregular, owing to the unequal development 

 of different parts of the margin, especially to nipple-like protuberances. Some forms are bent near 

 the middle or near the smaller end, and they are generally elongated in either the longitudinal or 

 transverse diameter. The conspicuous forms are the elongated ovoid, oval, elliptical with one side 

 flattened, and triangular with broad base. There are also some spindle-shaped, dome-shaped, round 

 or nearly round, lenticular, and various indefinite forms. The grains are not flattened, but they are 

 often narrower at the distal than at the proximal end. They are not always of the same shape in 

 different aspects, owing to the nipple-like processes and other additions to the primary grain. 



The hilum is large and distinct. There is usually a depression on the surface of the grain just 

 above the hilum. If the hilum is round, as it is in the round and short broad forms, this depression 

 is round. In the elongated forms it is usually elongated. In some elongated forms the hilum is a 

 large, round spot eccentric about one-third of the longitudinal axis and in the larger end of the grain. 

 It is usually fissured, and the fissure may be a simple transverse line or an irregularly stellate 

 arrangement. There are grains with double or multiple hila. 



The lamella are invisible. 



The grains vary in size from 4 to 14/i. The dimensions of a large triangular grain are 12 by 8m 

 in breadth and length. The dimensions of the ovoid grain are 14 by Q/j, in breadth and length. The 

 common size is lO/t. 



Polariscopic Properties. — The figure is not always distinct, but appears to be clear-cut and 

 usually irregular. It may be in the form of a cross, or as a line which is bisected at each end, and 

 centric or eccentric. The lines may be bent and otherwise distorted. 



