GENUS CYCLAMEN. 879 



of the grain viewed, being higher when the grain is viewed from the end. In some grains it is absent, 

 except from small areas of the marginal part. 



With seknite the quadrants are well defined, unequal in size, and irregular in shape. The colors 

 are very pure. 



Iodine Reactions. — With 0.25 per cent Lugol's solution the grains are colored immediately 

 and deeply a blue-violet, but slightly less than the grains of C. coum; with 0.125 per cent solution 

 the grains tint lightly and the colors deepen quickly. After heating the grains until all are completely 

 gelatinized, the solution is very slightly and the grains deeply colored on the addition of iodine. 

 The grains, while swollen, are not much distorted. After boiling for 2 minutes the solution is much 

 more deeply colored, but the grain-residues very little. With a slight excess of iodine the capsules 

 take on a violet color and but few of them retain some blue-reacting starch. 



Staining Reactions. — With gentian violet the grains stain immediately, but rather lightly. After 

 30 minutes they are fairly deeply and evenly stained. The color is slightly less than in the grains 

 of C. coum. 



With safranin the reaction begins immediately, but the color is very light, and in 30 minutes 

 the grains are fairly well and evenly stained. The reaction is the same as in C. coum. 



Temperature Reaction. — The temperature of gelatinization is 55° to 56° C, mean 55.5°. 



Effects of Various Reagents.— With chloral hydrate-iodine reaction begins in a minute and in 10 

 minutes all the grains are gelatinized. The hilum becomes prominent as a dark spot; the lamellse are 

 obscured; the distal end darkens; and darkening gradually extends upward over the grain, especially 

 around the margin, not, however, with much swelling or with much extension into the interior. The 

 distal portion then swells and protrudes in the form of several saccular projections, and it becomes 

 quite differentiated from the remainder of the grain before there is much change in the latter. The 

 gelatinization which has somewhat extended proximally on both sides of the grain now advances over 

 the grain as a whole, the hilum swells, and swelling occurs at the same time smoothly and evenly 

 in other parts. In a few cases a thin-walled, blue-colored mass could be seen entirely surrounding 

 the partially swollen inner part. The gelatinized grains are elongated and show a dark marginal 

 ring surrounding a lighter inner space, which is cut up irregularly by dark projections from the mar- 

 ginal ring that extends entirely or only partially across this space. 



Reaction with chromic acid begins immediately and is over in a minute. The hilum becomes 

 prominent as a dark bubble, which later disappears. The lamella are not at this time altered. 

 The hilum swells rapidly, and this process extends downward over the grain, which is broken into 

 granules and then reduced to a finely granular, gelatinous aggregate as the grain continues swelling, 

 until a large, gelatinized ma.ss is formed which folds in at one side. The margin of the grain is now 

 dissolved at the proximal end and opens out, allowing the gelatinized starch within to flow out and 

 be dissolved, solution of the rest of the marginal part following. 



With pyrogallic add reaction begins at once and is over in 2 minutes. The hilum becomes 

 very prominent as a dark bubble, and the lamellae very distinct. The hilum begins to swell and the 

 bubble quickly expands, then shrinks, and finally disappears. As the hilum continues to swell 

 the margin at the proximal end invaginates, the invagination running along in a longitudinal line 

 almost the whole length of the grain. The more resistant marginal parts of the grain form a thick, 

 homogeneous-looking ring, which becomes thinner and clearer and finally remains only as a thin 

 wall of the gelatinized gi-ain. The gelatinized grains are large, somewhat irregular and sacculated 

 at the distal end, and folded at the proximal end where the invagination took place. 



With ferric chloride the reaction begins in 30 seconds and is over in 3 minutes. The hilum ap- 

 pears very prominent as a dark bubble. The lamellse are obscured. The margin and the greater 

 part of the central part of the grain become clearer and darker, leaving only a small, light, and opaque 

 area about the hilum. The marginal starch at the distal end first swells out and becomes gelatinous 

 and thin, and suddenly the process spreads over the entire grain until it reaches the light area about 

 the hilum. This area becomes divided by several fissures into a number of small parts which rapidly 

 separate and become gelatinized independently of one another. As the grains enlarge a line of 

 invagination along the longitudinal axis occurs. The gelatinized grains are large, somewhat irreg- 

 ularly folded, and sacculated. 



The reaction with Purdy's solution begins immediately and is over in a minute. The hilum 

 and lamellte become very distinct. The hilum swells and pushes out the end of the grain. The 



