XYLIA 405 



carpus, Terminalia tomentosa, GmeliTia arborea, &c., with Pentacme suavis and 

 Shorea obtusa in the drier parts ; the chief bamboo is Thyrsostachys Oliven, 

 with Dendrocalamus strictus. on dry areas. 



In the Thaungyin drainage of Tenasserim the most important pyinkado 

 tracts are the semi-moist and dry mixed teak-bearing forests, which are found 

 partly on hill slopes and ridges and partly on flat alluvial ground with sandy 

 soil along the Thaungyin river ; in the former areas Dendrocalamus strictus 

 is the prevailing bamboo. Pyinkado of large size is plentiful in all the semi- 

 moist forests, especially along the Thaungyin river, its chief associates being 

 Tectona grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, Lagerstroemia Flos-Reginae, L. tomen- 

 tosa, Adina cordifolia, Ginelina arborea, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Homalium 

 tomeiitosmn, and Odina Wodier ; the principal bamboos, besides Dendrocalamus 

 strictus, are Oxytenanthera albociliata, Dendrocalamus Brandisii, CepJmlo- 

 stacJiyum pergracile, Bambusa Tulda, and B. arundinacea. Pyinkado is also 

 found to a limited extent in moist forest containing no teak, which occurs 

 chiefly on the higher moist slopes on the east of the Meple-Thaungyin water- 

 shed ; this forest is characterized by a dense undergrowth of bamboo, chiefly 

 Oxytenanthera albociliata. 



2. Lower mixed deciduous forest. So far as pyinkado is concerned this 

 type is of less importance than the upper mixed forest. It occurs on the flat 

 usually alluvial ground of the plains, and merges, to some extent into the 

 upper mixed type or into evergreen forest or, where laterite occurs, into 

 indaing forest. Pyinkado is not found on the low-lying portions of the alluvial 

 plains, where the forest merges into savannah types, but occurs only where 

 the drainage is good. Its chief companions are Tectona grandis, Lagerstroemia 

 Flos-Reginae, L. onacrocarpa, L. toinentosa, Terminalia tomentosa, T. belerica, 

 T. Chebula, T. pyrifolia, Homalium tomentosum, Adina cordifolia, A. sessili- 

 folia, Stephegyne parvifolia, S. diversifolia, Careya arborea, Odina Wodier, 

 Bridelia retusa, Eugenia Jambolana, Berrya Ammonilla, Eriolaena Candollei, 

 Schleichera trijuga, Dalbergia cultrata, Anogeissus acuminata, Diospyros ehre- 

 tioides, Vitex glabrata, and Dillenia pentagyna. Bamboos are usually absent, 

 though in some localities Bambusa Tulda occurs along watercourses. 



3. Evergreen forest. Although tropical evergreen forest is very frequently 

 found without pyinkado, the tree nevertheless occurs in this type, in common 

 with other large deciduous trees such as Tetrameles nudiflora, Sterculia alata, 

 Artocarpus Chaplasha, and A. Lakoocha, as well as lofty evergreen species 

 such as Dip)terocarpus alatus, Hopea odorata, Anisoptera glabra, and others, 

 all these forming an upper story over a dense growth of evergreens of many 

 species, with palms and canes. It is probable that this type represents in 

 many cases a progressive succession from deciduous to evergreen forest, and 

 this is borne out by the fact that pyinkado-bearing types intermediate 

 between the deciduous and the tropical evergreen forest are met with, and 

 that in the latter the pyinkado may be represented only by large trees which 

 have survived from the former moist deciduous forest. Mr. A. E. Ross ^ notes 

 an interesting fact regarding the encroachment of evergreen forest and its 

 effect on teak and pyinkado in the forest of the lower Thaungyin drainage 

 in Tenasserim. It was noted that on the edges of evergreen forest within the 



^ Working Plan for the Lower Thaungyin Working Circle, 1909. 



