614 XXXIII. RUBIACEAE 



Korth. ; 4. Nauclea, Linn.; 5. Hymenodictyojs, Wall.; 6. VVendlandia, 

 Bartl. : 7. Gardenia, Linn. ; 8. Randia, Linn. 



1. ANTHOCEPHALUS, A. Rich. 



AiitJioceplialus Cadamba, Miq. Syn. ^4. indicus, A. Rich. ; Nauclea 

 Cadamba, Roxb. ; Sarcocephalus Cadamba, Kurz. Vern. Kadam, Hind. ; 

 RogJiu, Ass. ; Kadwal, Kan. ; Kadambe, Tel. ; VeUei kadambu, Tarn. ; 3Iau, 

 Burm. 



A large deciduous (or sometimes evergreen ?) tree with spreading branches 

 and rather large shining leaves with prominent veins ; the leaves are much 

 larger in young saplings and coppice-shoots than in older trees. Bark grey, 

 smooth in young trees, becoming darker and longitudinally fissured in older 

 trees, exfoliating in small rectangular plates, yellowish brown inside. Wood 

 yellowish white, soft, an excellent tea-box wood, and also used for planking, 

 dug-out canoes, &c. ; has been highly recommended for match manufacture. 

 This tree deserves more attention as a useful fast-growing soft-wooded species. 



Distribution and habitat. The sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal east- 

 wards, Bengal, Assam, Chota Nagpur (valleys in Singhbhum, Haines), Burma, 

 Northern Circars, and the west coast from North Kanara southwards to Tra- 

 vancore, but Talbot does not consider it indigenous in the Bombay Presidency ; 

 also in Ceylon. It is cultivated in many parts of India. It is a tree of moist 

 warm regions, frequenting moist types of deciduous and evergreen forests, and 

 often occurring on alluvial ground along rivers and also on swampy ground. 

 It prefers deep well-drained moist alluvium ; on stiff badly-drained ground 

 the growth is j)oor. In its natural habitat the absolute maximum shade 

 temperature varies from 96 to 110 F., the absolute minimum from 38 to 

 (50 F.; and the normal rainfall from 60 to 200 in. or more. 



Leaf-shedding, flowering, and fruiting. The leaves fall m the hot 

 season, the tree becoming leafless or nearly so. The small orange-coloured 

 flowers, in globose heads 1-5 to 2 in. in diameter, appear chiefly from May to 

 July. The fruits ripen and faU in January-February (Bengal Duars) : the 

 pseudocarp is a globose orange fleshy mass of closely packed capsules each 

 containing a number of mirmte seeds (Fig. 233, a), the whole 1 5-2-5 in. in 

 diameter. The fruits are eaten by man and also by cattle, fruit-bats, and 

 other animals, and by birds, the seeds being distributed by their agency. The 

 tree flowers and fruits at an early age (five years in the case of a tree at Dehra 

 Dun). 



Germination (Fig. 233, b-e). Epigeous. The radicle emerges and the 

 hypocotyl elongates, carrying above ground the cotyledons enclosed in the 

 testa, which usually remains adhering to one cotyledon for some time before 

 falling to the ground. 



The seedling (Fig. 233). 



Roots : primary root at first thin, later becoming long and thick, terete, 

 tapering : lateral roots numerous, long, distributed down main root but chiefly 

 in its upper part. Hypocotyl distinct from root, 0- 1-0-3 in. long, terete or 

 slightly compressed, glabrous in young stages. Cotyledons sessile, under 

 0-05 in. long, ovate, acute, entii'e. Stem erect, slightly compressed, sometimes 

 gi'ooved, finely tomcntose ; internodes 0-3-1 -2 in. long. Leaves simple, opposite, 



