618 XXXIII. RUBIACEAE 



chief lateral roots thickening considerably in second season. Hypocotyl distinct 

 from root, 0-1-0-15 in. long, very fine and delicate, white turning green. 

 Cotyledons sub-sessile or very shortly petiolate, up to 0-1 in. long, ovate, 

 acute, base truncate or sub-cordate, entire, foliaceous, delicate, green, glabrous. 

 Stem erect, terete or compressed, delicate at first, becoming woody later, 

 tomentose ; internodes at first 0- 1-0-2 in. long, in second season up to 1 in. 

 long. Leaves simple, opposite decussate. Leaves of the first season usually 

 only two pairs : petiole up to 0-05 in. long, lamina 0-1-0-5 in. by 0-08-0-4 in., 

 ovate, acute or obtuse, base obtuse, entire, usually reddish, glabrous, or 

 minutely pubescent beneath. Leaves of second season : stipules 0-2-0-5 in. 

 long, ovate, obovate or elliptical, pale green, terminal pair enclosing terminal 

 bud : petiole up to 0-5 in. long, flattened above, tomentose : lamina up to 

 3-5 by 2 in., elliptical ovate, acute, base acute or obtuse, more rarely cordate, 

 entire, glabrous above, paler and minutely pubescent beneath, lateral veins 

 6-9 pairs. 



For some little time after germination the seedlings are extremely mirmte 

 and delicate, and are very liable to be washed away or beaten down b}'^ the 

 rain. During the first season their development is slow, many attaining 

 a height of only 1 in. or less, with two or three pairs of leaves, though under 

 favourable conditions the more vigorous individuals may attain a height of 

 4-6 in. or even more, with seven or eight pairs of leaves. During the second 

 season the growth is more rapid, a height of 1-2 ft. or even more being attained 

 under favourable conditions, though on stiff soil or weed-covered ground the 

 growth is poor ; good drainage and a free porous soil are essential conditions 

 for successful development. The taproot remains thin, but attains a fair length, 

 during the first season ; during the second season, however, it thickens con- 

 siderably, attaining in some cases a diameter of as much as |- in. The seedlings 

 are very sensitive to frost and drought. The leaves turn reddish-brown in 

 the cold season and fall about November to February, the new leaves appearing 

 about March or later (northern India). Fig. 235 shows a vigorous seedling 

 in the third season. 



In the forest the seedhngs require some practice to recognize, even when 



two or three years old. Superficially they are not unlike those of Clerodendron 



infortunatum., a plant often occurring in the sal forests where Adina is found. 



The Adina seedlings, however, can always be distinguished by the terminal 



stipules enclosing the bud, which are often reddish ; also their leaves are entire 



and glabrous, while those of Clerodendron seedhngs are serrate and pubescent. 



SiLVicuLTURAL CHARACTERS. Although secdUngs spring up under 



moderate shade, and require protection from drought, from the sapling stage 



onwards the tree is a strong light-demander. Saplings are sensitive to the 



rubbing of their leading shoots by overhead trees, and their leaders tend to 



die where this takes place. The soil requirements of the tree have already 



been alluded to : good drainage is essential for the best development, trees 



on stiff soil remaining stunted. Although the seedlings are sensitive to drought 



the tree is moderately hardy ; it was only shghtly affected in the abnormal 



droughts of 1899 and 1900 in the Indian Peninsula and 1907 and 1908 in Oudh. 



After the seedling stage it is moderately frost-hardy, having suffered only to 



a slight extent in the severe frost of 1905 in northern India. Young plants 



and coppice-shoots suffer more than those of almost any other species from 



browsing by cattle, goats, deer, and nilgai ; they have good power of recovery, 



