658 



XXXVIII. OLEACEAE 



pricked out in the spring the year after sowing, and are ready for planting 

 out one or two years later. 



The ash is treated as coppice, coppice-with-standards, on the pollard 

 system, or as high forest, in which case it should be underplanted with a shade- 

 bearer. The height-growth is fairly rapid, but the tree does not attain a. great 

 age or a very large diameter. 



3. Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Wall. Syn. F. Moorcroftiana, Brandis. Vern. 

 Sanjal, hanuz, anga, W. Him. 



A large shrub or small tree with branchlets compressed and minutely and 

 densely pubescent. Bark grey, smooth, dark and cracked when old. Wood 

 hard, used for tool-handles, walking-sticks, and fuel. Indigenous in the western 

 Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaun at 3,000-9,000 ft., trans-Indus, Afghani- 

 stan, and Baluchistan ; locally plentiful and often gregarious on dry slopes, 

 chiefly in the inner Himalayan valleys. In Hazara it occurs on dry hill-sides 

 in scrub forest in the Kagan valley, chiefly between 4,500 and 6,000 ft., asso- 

 ciated at the lower elevations with Acacia modesta, Olea cuspidata, Berberis 

 spp., and Punica Granatum, and in places with Quercus Ilex. Fig. 251 shows 

 the rocky ground on which it is often found. The tree is much lopped for 

 fodder. It is an important species in the Baluchistan forests. The flowers 

 appear March- April and the fruit ripens July- August. Adverse weather 

 conditions sometimes prevent the ripening of the seed. The growth is slow : 

 Brandis gives 20 rings per inch of radius, representing a mean annual girth 

 increment of 0-31 in. The following measurements of coppice-shoots in the 

 Hazar-Ganj forest are recorded in the Baluchistan Forest Reports for 1914-15 

 and 1915-16 : 



Fraxinus xanthoxyloides : coppice measurements, Hazar-Ganj forest, 



Baluchistan, 1914-16. 



Height. 



Height. 



.Sfjecies 1. 0. cuspidata, Wall.; 2. 0. glandulifera, Wall.; 3. 0. dioica, 

 Roxb. ; 4. O. europaea, Linn. 



1. Olea cuspidata, Wall. Syn. 0. ferruginea, Royle. Indian olive, wild 

 olive. Vern. Kao, kahu, W. Him. ; Zaitun, Pushtu. (Fig. 252.) 



A moderate -sized unarmed evergreen tree with small coriaceous leaves, 

 dark green above, reddish brown beneath. Bark grey, thin, smooth, exfoUating 

 in narrow strips. Wood brown, very hard, close grained, used for tool-handles, 

 turnery, combs, &c. ; an excellent fuel. This species yields very little oil 

 from the fruit kernels, but it makes a suitable stock on which to graft the 

 cultivated olive, O. europaea, Linn., to which it is closely allied. It attains 

 a height of 30 to 40 ft. and a girth of 6 ft. or more. 



