732 XLVI. VERBENACEAE 



Average figures of outturn for the Nilambur plantations \yill be found 

 below in the yield table (p. 763) given under ' statistical '. In 1917 the largest 

 teak tree in the plantations had a girth of 9 ft. 8 in. and a height of 135 ft. ; 

 it was situated in one of the earliest plantations, in the Iruvalhkava block. 



Fio"s. 279 to 283 show typical examples of plantations of various ages at 

 Nilambur. 



Coorg. The oldest teak plantation in Coorg is the Karmad plantation, 

 started in 1868 and extended gradually till 1875. Its total area is 197 acres, 

 of which in 1918 about 120 acres were estimated to be fairly well stocked with 

 teak. The formation of this plantation does not appear to have been carried 

 out on correct lines, in that the existing forest growth was incompletely felled, 

 and the plantation suffered for many years from the presence of overhead 

 trees ; cleanings and thinnings were also neglected to some extent. The total 

 expenditure on the plantation from 1868 to 1918 amounted to Rs. 26,948, or 

 Rs. 136 per acre. Kumri {taungya) plantations were started in 1891, and have 

 been continued subsequently ; many of these are very thriving, though some 

 have suffered for want of tending. These plantations have been raised from 

 nursery transplants, but latterly direct sowings under the Burma method 

 have been tried with good results. 



Travancore. Bourdillon states that teak plantations w^ere commenced in 

 Travancore in 1866-7, and have been gradually extended since then, the 

 aggregate area in 1908 being 2,666 acres. He mentions that the final fellings 

 are expected to be made in the ninetieth year ; also that it has been calculated 

 that after charging 4 per cent, interest the sale of thinnings will pay off all 

 expenditure by the seventieth year, and that at the time of the final felling 

 in the ninetieth year there will be a balance to the good of Rs. 6,887 per acre, 

 representing an annual profit of Rs. 76-6 per acre from the commencement. 



Burma. Teak ^plantations were commenced in Burma in the fifties of 

 last century, one of the oldest being the Thinganninaung plantation on the 

 upper Winyeo river (Ataran) in Tenasserim, which was started about 1856. 

 Several of the older plantations are associated with the name of Dr. Brandis, 

 Among these may be mentioned the Myodwin plantation situated on flat 

 alluvial ground about ten miles east of Zigon in the Tharrawaddy district. It 

 was extended subsequently in 1885-6, and again about 1904. The old planta- 

 tions were formed by clearing and burning the existing jvmgle and digging up 

 the ground ; in 1862 seed was sown in lines 6 ft. apart, in 1863 nursery trans- 

 plants were put out 3 ft. by 10 ft., and in 1864 seed was sown 3 ft. by 10 ft. 

 The plantation of 1904 was formed under the taungya system, seed being sown 

 with a spacing of 6 ft. by 6 ft. Another plantation formed by Dr. Brandis is 

 that of Kangyi, about six miles east of Zigon ; this plantation, which is also 

 situated on alluvial ground, was formed in 1864-5, and has produced a girth 

 increment of at least 1 inch per annum. Another old plantation is that at 

 Kywemakaing in the Kadinbilin reserve, Tharrawaddy. It was commenced 

 in 1867, when an area of 58 acres was planted, and in 1869 it was increased 

 by 86 acres, making a total of 144 acres. The spacing w^as chiefly 6 ft. by 

 6 ft., with a small area 10 ft. by 4 ft. This plantation is on hilly ground, and 

 although the success varies it is good on the whole. It has proved expensive, 

 sincte tlio orioiuai forest was felled and burnt departmentally without any 



