SECRETARY'S REPORT. 121 



of the two countries and the frequent inter-communication 

 many centuries ago, are well known to the reader of history. 



We have observed thus far chiefly the two great divisions of 

 the cattle of continental Europe under the head of the marsh 

 or lowland and the mountain breeds. But it remains to speak 

 of the stock to be found through the greater part of Central 

 Germany, extending easterly through Bohemia and Moravia to 

 Poland, and westerly to the middle of France, for though they 

 cannot be classed under the head of any one race or breed, they 

 will be found to have some general characteristics in common, 

 and to differ in some general features from the pure represen- 

 tatives of both the great classes already named. 



The cattle of this great central division are generally red, 

 reddish brown, red and yellow. In respect to size and useful- 

 ness, they of course differ considerably, but still it will be found 

 that many very important breeds have been developed among 

 them. Those in south-westerly portions, especially in those sec- 

 tions bordering on the more mountainous regions of Switzerland 

 and Tyrol, incline to the forms ascribed to the races in those 

 countries, while those in Lower Germany appear to be more 

 nearly allied to the marsh races. 



In the main, however, they are of middling size and weight, 

 often falling rather below it, fine in tlie bone, often well formed, 

 though somewhat small in the hind-quarters as compared with 

 the mountain cattle. The horns are inclined to be rather 

 large. They are usually pretty well adapted to the yoke, and 

 many of the breeds fatten readily, but generally speaking their 

 milking qualities are most important. I have already men- 

 tioned the Algauer race as having spread into parts of this 

 region as in Upper Swabia. There is a smaller animal that 

 appears to be allied to that race, finer in the bone, a cow red in 

 color, of under size, accustomed to poor feed and a rough region, 

 and naturally hardy and easily kept. She is generally a very 

 good milker. This little red animal is common also in otlier 

 parts of Wiirtemberg, where it has been crossed with the red 

 or spotted Swiss, and formed a breed called the Neckar breed, 

 which spread along the Rhine and into Baden. 



Another breed considerably known in Wiirtemberg, is the 

 Swabian-Hallish. It is dark red with a white head and stout 

 horns, of middling size and strong bony structure. The neck 



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