LILIUM. 



625 



only in the hybrid: (1) A large or small rounded pro- 

 tuberance from either side or from the proximal end; 

 (2) small, shallow, depressions and elevations of the 

 distal surface and margin; (3) rarely, to a secondary set 

 of lamellae, whose longitudinal axis is at an angle with 

 that of the primary set. The conspicuous forms are nar- 

 row and broad ovoid, triangular with rounded base and 

 angles, pyriform, and elongated elliptical. The addi- 

 tional forms are irregularly quadrilateral with rounded 

 angles, clam-shell-shaped, curved and straight rod- 

 shaped, and club-shaped. The grains tend to be pointed 

 at the proximal end as in both parents, but less than in 

 L. chalcedonicum and somewhat more than in L. candi- 

 dum. The broad grains, as in both parents, are some- 

 what flattened, and when viewed on edge have an elon- 

 gated elliptical or ovoid form. In form L. testaceum 

 shows a somewhat closer relationship to L. chalcedonicum 

 than to L. candidum. 



The hilum is as distinct as in both parents and is 

 rarely fissured as in L. chalcedonicum. When present the 

 fissure is always in the form of a small, straight, trans- 

 versely placed line as in L. chalcedonicum. The hilum 

 is eccentric 0.44 to 0.11, usually 0.16, of the longitudinal 

 axis. In the character of the hilum L. testaceum shows 

 a somewhat closer relationship to L. chalcedonicum, and 

 in the degree of eccentricity to L. candidum. 



The lamella are not so distinct and are finer than in 

 either parent, in this respect more closely resembling L. 

 chalcedonicum. There is commonly one broad refractive 

 lamella which separates the fine proximal lamella? from 

 those which are not so fine at the distal end. These latter 

 lamellae are often wavy and irregular in outline, as in 

 both parents. The number counted on the larger grains 

 varies from 30 to 40, usually 32, distinctly less than in 

 either parent. 



In the character and arrangement of the lamella? L. 

 testaceum shows a closer relationship to L. chalcedonicum 

 than to L. candidum. 



In size the grains vary from the smaller which are 

 5 by 5/i, to the larger elongated grains which are 54 by 

 30/t, and the larger broad grains which are 64 by 58/*, 

 in length and breadth. The common size is 40 by 30/t. 

 In size L. testaceum shows a closer relationship to L. 

 candidum than to L. chalcedonicum. 



Polariscopic Properties. 



The figure is usually as distinct as in both parents, 

 and is as well defined as in L. candidum. The lines as in 

 L. chalcedonicum rarely cross at right angles and usually 

 at acute angles of varying degree. They are more often 

 bent and bisected than in either parent, and in this re- 

 spect more closely resemble L. chalcedonicum than L. 

 candidum. The figure as in L. chalcedonicum is some- 

 times in the form of a conjugate hyperbola, or of a 

 long line bisected at both ends. 



The degree of polarization varies from low to high 

 (value 60), the same as in L. chalcedonicum. There 

 is the same amount of variation in a given aspect of an 

 individual grain as in that starch. 



With selenite the quadrants are as clear-cut and as 

 unequal in size as in L. candidum, but are more irregular 

 in shape than in either parent, and in this respect more 

 closely resemble L. chalcedonicum. The colors are often 

 not pure as in L. chalcedonicum. 



In the character of the figure, the degree of polariza- 

 tion, and the appearances with selenite L. testaceum 

 shows a closer relationship to L. chalcedonicum than to 



L. candidum. 



Iodine Reactions. 



With a 0.25 per cent Lugol's solution the grains all 

 color a moderate blue-violet (value 50), less than in 

 either parent but closer to L. chalcedonicum than to 

 L. candidum. With 0.125 per cent Lugol's solution 

 the grains all color a light to moderate violet tinged with 

 blue, somewhat less than L. chalcedonicum and very much 

 less than in L. candidum. After heating in water until 

 all the grains are completely gelatinized and then treat- 

 ing with a 2 per cent Lugol's solution, the gelatinized 

 grains all color a moderate or a moderate to deep indigo, 

 and the solution a moderate to deep indigo as in L. 

 chalcedonicum. If the preparation is boiled for 2 min- 

 utes and then treated with an excess of a 2 per cent 

 Lugol's solution, the grain-residues all color a very light 

 or a light indigo, the capsules a red or a reddish violet, 

 and the solution a very deep indigo, as in L. chalce- 

 donicum. 



Qualitatively and quantitatively the reaction with 

 iodine shows a closer relationship to L. chalcedonicum 

 than to L. candidum. 



Aniline Reactions. 



With gentian violet the grains all color very lightly 

 at once, and in 30 minutes they are moderately to very 

 deeply colored (value 80), the same as in L. candidum 

 and much more than in L. chalcedonicum. They are 

 often more deeply colored at the distal than at the proxi- 

 mal end, as in both parents. 



With safranin the grains all color very lightly at once, 

 and in 30 minutes they are moderately to very deeply 

 colored (value 80), the same as in L. candidum and 

 much more than in L. chalcedonicum. As in both 

 parents, the grains are often more deeply colored at the 

 distal than the proximal end. 



The reaction with aniline stains shows a closer rela- 

 tionship to L. candidum than to L. chalcedonicum. 



Temperature Reactions. 

 The temperature of gelatinization of the majority 

 of the grains is 61.2° to 63° C, and of all is 65.5° to 

 67° C.; mean 65.25° C. The temperature of gelatiniza- 

 tion of L. testaceum is higher than that of either parent, 

 but is closer to that of' L. chalcedonicum than to 

 L. candidum. It is not quite so close to L. chalcedoni- 

 cum as is L. chalcedonicum to L. candidum. 



Effects of Various Reagents. 



The reaction with chloral hydrate begins in 30 sec- 

 onds. Complete gelatinization occurs in about 34 per 

 cent of the entire number of grains and &Q per cent of 

 the total starch in 5 minutes ; in about 90 per cent of the 

 grains and 96 per cent of the total starch in 15 minutes; 

 and in about 98 per cent of the grains and in more than 

 99 per cent of the total starch in 30 minutes. (Chart 

 D367.) 



The hilum becomes distinct, attended by the forma- 

 tion of a bubble in as few grains as in L. chalcedonicum. 

 The lamellae as in that starch are never visible. Gela- 

 tinization begins at the distal margin and, unlike either 

 parent, proceeds from this point all around the margin, 



