AECHEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 291 



the artifacts noted in the debris are uniform for the whole site. It 

 must be said, however, that no cemeteries were discovered in connec- 

 tion with either of the rectangular house masses. It seems probable 

 that since all present pueblos are made up of aggregations of clan 

 units, we see in Forestdale an ancient evidence of this fact, which 

 may also explain the occurrence of two modes of burial. 



The material used in building is sandstone brought from the ledges 

 cropping out along the little creek close at hand. The blocks of stone 

 are larger and more uniform in dimension than is usual in the pueblos 

 of the Southwest. In general the stones were of convenient size for 

 carrying by one man, but larger stones were used in the circular walls. 

 One measuring 3 b}^ 2 by 2 feet and weighing probably 1,000 pounds 

 was observed set in the wall at the height of 5 feet. As it is not pos- 

 sible for men to lift a stone to this height by muscular effort, it is 

 probable that it was rolled to position on an earth embankment or a 

 skid of poles. It will be perceived that men who could construct 

 a circle with an accuracy that is comparable only with the work of 

 men possessing instruments of precision would also show skill in 

 masonry. In the course of the excavation the exterior of the acropolis 

 wall was exposed for a length of 164 feet, showing masonry that 

 excites admiration and surprise. (Plate 7.) Like all cyclopean con- 

 struction, of which this wall is a type, the stones are rough bedded and 

 not coursed. The wall is laid up with judgment, the joints broken, 

 and large stones the width of the wall form headers. Occasionally a 

 series of large stones forms what appears to be an attempt at a course. 

 The stone are quarry faced, and projections beyond the line have been 

 pecked away and a few petroglyphs cut on some of the stones. Some 

 of the building blocks scattered over the ruin have fret and key 

 designs pecked on the surface. The walls of the room interiors have 

 in a number of cases where such walls were seen been carefull}^ sur- 

 faced with the pecking hammer and the chinks set with small stones. 

 Other rooms have been plastered with red clay; low doorways formed 

 a means of communication between the rooms. In excavating the 

 circular wall a very narrow entrance was found leading through it at 

 the northeast. 



As usual in the southwest, Forestdale is one of a group of pueblos, a 

 member of which lies a few hundred feet to the northwest on the edge 

 of the bluff. Another very large ruin is about one-half mile away on 

 the line of the valley; a third, comparatively small, stands on the bank 

 of the creek half a mile up the valley, and still another small ruin is on 

 a sandstone cliff on the left bank. No detached houses were observed, 

 nor were altars, shrines, or fire boxes noticed. The surface of Forest- 

 dale ruin shows traces of modern occupation, such as remains of foun- 

 dations of Mormon houses, shallow basins marking the location of 

 Apache wickiups, while on the acropolis circles of stones mark thv^- 



