ARCHEOLOGICiL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA. 289 



The conditions in the valley of the Little Colorado are similar in 

 regard to available water supply to that of the White Mountains, but 

 the region is more arid and the vegetation is of desert types, the Cot- 

 tonwood along the stream beds being the only tree. 



The region of the Hopi buttes and mesas has an elevation of about 

 6,500 feet, 1,500 feet above the Little Colorado Valley. Geological 

 causes here also determine the numerous springs in this region, the 

 rainfalls being stored in sandhills or in the heavy strata of porous 

 sand rock underlaid by shales, which brings the water to the surface. 

 This region is practically uninhabitable without corn, which is grown 

 in the beds of the washes and depends on local rains for irrigation. 

 The same remark is true of the second region, while in the White 

 Mountain region hunting tribes could exist. 



WHITE MOUNTAIN REGION. 



PORESTDALE — INTERIOR SAWMILL — LINDEN — SHOWLOW — SHUMWAY. 



FORESTDALE. 



On the White Mountain Apache Reserve, southeast of Showlow 

 some 10 miles, and a few miles east of Pinetop, near the headwaters of 

 a creek rising in the Mogollon Mesa, is a remarkable ruined pueblo, 

 which, from its great extent, must have been an important center of 

 population in early days. (Plate 2.) The Apaches call the place 

 ''Tun das tusa" (water spread out), from the many springs forming- 

 mar shy areas. The locality is called Forestdale from the creek of 

 that name. Years ago Mormons made a settlement here, but the 

 Apaches drove them away, burning their buildings except the church, 

 which still remains, surrounded with great pines. The ruin was 

 brought to notice by Bandelier, who hastily examined it in 1883.^ 



The country slopes strongly to the south from the Mogollon rim, 

 and the streams drain into the Upper Salt Kivef, which flows approx- 

 imately 25 miles to the south. This portion of the White Mountain 

 Apache Reservation is rugged, the streams often can3^oned and again 

 running through pleasant valleys, with meadows and Indian cornfields. 

 The primitive forest of great pine trees covers the country; grass is 

 abundant, and wild flowers bloom in profusion, giving one an idea of 

 the "Tierra despoblada" as it appeared to Coronado and his follow- 

 ers when the}^ passed through this region in 1510. 



The problems of food, water, wood, clay, and stone which were so 

 difficult to most tribes in other portions of the Pueblo region pre- 

 sented no such complexity to the ancients of Forestdale. Most of 

 these good things were near at hand in greater degree than at the 



« Final Report, etc., 1880 to 1885. Papers of the Archaelogical Institute of America, 

 Cambridge, 1892, Pt. 2, p. 400. 



NAT MUS 1901 19 



