838 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. 



thick enamel caused by fusing in the fire at great heat. A few disks 

 worked from pottery fragments, and a fragment bearing the lug of a 

 canteen reground in the shape of a frog, were encountered. Spiral 

 applique ornaments for potter}^, like those on Zuni cooking pots, were 

 used here, as fragments attest. It is worthy of remark that the minor 

 works of pottery mentioned are fewer and somewhat ruder than those 

 found in the ruins to the west. 



Objects of shell are extremel}^ rare in this ruin, a few unworked 

 bits, a fragment of a large armlet, and a few conus and olivella beads 

 being the sum total secured. 



Worked bone is also scarce, with the exception of small awls. A 

 few bone beads, small tubes, and a rib knife were taken from the 

 excavations. 



Stone implements are numerous here. Flint cores, arrowheads, 

 knives, scrapers, flakes, and drills represent objects and materials of 

 chippable stone. The workmanship, however, i^ poor. Spherical ham- 

 mer stones, grooved hammers, an ax hammer, a simple grooved ax with 

 poll, and a double-bitt ax were taken out. A sandstone upon which are 

 grooves made in sharpening paho sticks, arrow smoothers, rubbing 

 stones, small mortars and pestles, and pottery polishing stones were 

 collected. Fragments of hand stones for grinding corn were seen, but 

 no flat grinding stones were found in place in the rooms and very few 

 were observed on the surface, though undoubtedly they were in con- 

 stant use. The absence of surface relics of this character is due to 

 the proximity of these ruins to the inhabited pueblos, who find use for 

 many things abandoned by the ancients. 



Several stone spheres, of a size suitable for club heads and probably 

 originally put to that use, were secured. 



Ironstone concretions of many interesting forms weathered out of 

 the sandstone ledges are scattered in the debris of this ruin. A few 

 in the collection have been worked in improvement of the suggestive 

 natural form. These usually take the shape of miniature, well-finished 

 cups. A curious toy grooved hammer of sandstone, painted red, was 

 taken from the debris of a room. 



Ornaments were made from a white limestone and a fine-grained 

 clay stone of good red color. Thin disks of the latter stone, with per- 

 foration near the edge for suspension, are numerous. Turquoise was 

 practically absent at Kokopnyama. Two fragments of tubular pipes 

 were secured, one of beautifully banded stone and the other of pot- 

 ter}^ Selenite fragments were scattered through the debris, also a 

 few chips of obsidian and chalcedony like that of the Petrified Forest. 



Of pigments, numerous examples occur at Kokopnyama. The 

 most abundant is a dark red derived from the ''bone" in burnt lig- 

 nite and from the clay stone used for ornaments; yellow occuis as 

 yellow ocher and ocherish clays, green as copper carbonate and arena- 



